Device and methods for use in a biosensor comprising a multisite array of test sites, the device and methods being useful for modulating the binding interactions between a (biomolecular) probe or detection agent and an analyte of interest by modulating the pH or ionic gradient near the electrodes in such biosensor. An electrochemically active agent that is suitable for use in biological buffers for changing the pH of the biological buffers. Method for changing the pH of biological buffers using the electrochemically active agents. The methods of modulating the binding interactions provided in a biosensor, analytic methods for more accurately controlling and measuring the pH or ionic gradient near the electrodes in such biosensor, and analytic methods for more accurately measuring an analyte of interest in a biological sample.

The present invention relates to novel lignin-derived compounds and compositions comprising the same and their use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides a method for preparing said compounds and compositions as well as a redox flow battery comprising said compounds and compositions. Additionally, an assembly for carrying out the inventive method is provided.

The present invention relates to novel lignin-derived compounds and compositions comprising the same and their use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides a method for preparing said compounds and compositions as well as a redox flow battery comprising said compounds and compositions. Additionally, an assembly for carrying out the inventive method is provided.

The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

Disclosed is a process for the oxidation of at least one chroman (C1) in a solvent mixture comprising at least two solvents or in a C-bearing solvent, with a gaseous compound comprising, essentially consisting of, or consisting of oxygen in the presence of a copper catalyst, said copper catalyst exhibiting the oxidation state (+1) or (+2). A further part of the disclosure is a composition comprising at least one chroman (C1) and/or at least one quinone (C30), a solvent mixture comprising at least two solvents or a C-bearing solvent, a copper catalyst, said copper catalyst exhibiting the oxidation state (+1) or (+2) and a gaseous compound comprising, essentially consisting or consisting of oxygen. A quinone preparation and a process of making same is also part of the invention.

Disclosed is a process for the oxidation of at least one chroman (C1) in a solvent mixture comprising at least two solvents or in a C-bearing solvent, with a gaseous compound comprising, essentially consisting of, or consisting of oxygen in the presence of a copper catalyst, said copper catalyst exhibiting the oxidation state (+1) or (+2). A further part of the disclosure is a composition comprising at least one chroman (C1) and/or at least one quinone (C30), a solvent mixture comprising at least two solvents or a C-bearing solvent, a copper catalyst, said copper catalyst exhibiting the oxidation state (+1) or (+2) and a gaseous compound comprising, essentially consisting or consisting of oxygen. A quinone preparation and a process of making same is also part of the invention.

The present invention provides a carbon nitride-based photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof. The photocatalyst is prepared by reaction of melem with 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride. The photocatalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention achieves energy level matching in structure between the melem structure and the 3,3,4,4-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, reduces a singlet-triplet energy gap (E.sub.ST), promotes an intersystem crossing process, thereby enhancing the singlet oxygen production and improving the selective photocatalytic oxidation ability.

The present disclosure relates to a novel process for the synthesis of stereospecific compounds of Vitamin K2 group in general and Vitamin K2-7. The present disclosure further discloses novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of stereospecific Vitamin K2-7. Compounds of the Vitamin K2 group obtained are crystalline and exhibit well defined melting points.

The present disclosure relates to a novel process for the synthesis of stereospecific compounds of Vitamin K2 group in general and Vitamin K2-7. The present disclosure further discloses novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of stereospecific Vitamin K2-7. Compounds of the Vitamin K2 group obtained are crystalline and exhibit well defined melting points.