A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of pyrolyzing a monosaccharide and hydrogenating the product composition in the presence of a catalyst and a solvent, wherein the pressure of the hydrogenation reaction is 40 bar or greater.

Disclosed is a method of removing calcium from a hydrocarbon fraction using an extraction agent including 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof, the method including (S1) adding a hydrocarbon fraction with an extraction agent including 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof to give a mixture, (S2) converting an oil-soluble calcium compound into a water-soluble calcium compound by reacting the hydrocarbon fraction with the 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof, and (S3) removing the water-soluble calcium compound.

Disclosed is a method of removing calcium from a hydrocarbon fraction using an extraction agent including 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof, the method including (S1) adding a hydrocarbon fraction with an extraction agent including 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof to give a mixture, (S2) converting an oil-soluble calcium compound into a water-soluble calcium compound by reacting the hydrocarbon fraction with the 2-oxopropanal or derivatives thereof, and (S3) removing the water-soluble calcium compound.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.2-oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.2-oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.2-oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst.

A process for the preparation of ethylene glycol comprising the steps of hydrogenating a composition comprising C.sub.2-oxygenate compounds in the gas phase in the presence of a catalyst.

A process of forming a polyurethane material includes forming an unsaturated alcohol from an unsaturated plant oil via a reduction reaction. The process includes forming an alkyne-terminated alcohol from the unsaturated alcohol and forming a polyol having two primary hydroxyl groups from the alkyne-terminated alcohol. The process further includes polymerizing a mixture that includes the polyol having the two primary hydroxyl groups to form a polyurethane material.

A process of forming a polyurethane material includes forming an unsaturated alcohol from an unsaturated plant oil via a reduction reaction. The process includes forming an alkyne-terminated alcohol from the unsaturated alcohol and forming a polyol having two primary hydroxyl groups from the alkyne-terminated alcohol. The process further includes polymerizing a mixture that includes the polyol having the two primary hydroxyl groups to form a polyurethane material.

A process of forming a polyurethane material includes forming an unsaturated alcohol from an unsaturated plant oil via a reduction reaction. The process includes forming an alkyne-terminated alcohol from the unsaturated alcohol and forming a polyol having two primary hydroxyl groups from the alkyne-terminated alcohol. The process further includes polymerizing a mixture that includes the polyol having the two primary hydroxyl groups to form a polyurethane material.