Provided herein are methods for producing α,β-unsaturated ketones from the condensation of methyl ketones in the presence of an amine catalyst. Such amine catalysts may be supported, for example, on a silica-alumina support. Such amine catalysts may be used in the presence of an additional acid. The α,β-unsaturated ketones may be produced by dimerization and/or timerization of the methyl ketones. Such α,β-unsaturated ketones may be suitable for use in producing fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, or precursors thereof. The methyl ketones may be obtained from renewable sources, such as by the fermentation of biomass.

Provided herein are methods for producing α,β-unsaturated ketones from the condensation of methyl ketones in the presence of an amine catalyst. Such amine catalysts may be supported, for example, on a silica-alumina support. Such amine catalysts may be used in the presence of an additional acid. The α,β-unsaturated ketones may be produced by dimerization and/or timerization of the methyl ketones. Such α,β-unsaturated ketones may be suitable for use in producing fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, or precursors thereof. The methyl ketones may be obtained from renewable sources, such as by the fermentation of biomass.

Provided herein are methods for producing α,β-unsaturated ketones from the condensation of methyl ketones in the presence of an amine catalyst. Such amine catalysts may be supported, for example, on a silica-alumina support. Such amine catalysts may be used in the presence of an additional acid. The α,β-unsaturated ketones may be produced by dimerization and/or timerization of the methyl ketones. Such α,β-unsaturated ketones may be suitable for use in producing fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, or precursors thereof. The methyl ketones may be obtained from renewable sources, such as by the fermentation of biomass.

Described is a process of making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone comprising the steps of (i) preparing a first aqueous mixture comprising first concentrations of acetone, citral and hydroxide, (ii) producing a second aqueous mixture by allowing to react for a reaction time the components of the first aqueous mixture and (iii) producing a third aqueous mixture by adding to the second aqueous mixture a second amount of hydroxide so that an additional amount of pseudoionone is formed in the third aqueous mixture. The invention further suggests an apparatus for making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone as well as to a respective process and use of said apparatus in making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone.

Described is a process of making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone comprising the steps of (i) preparing a first aqueous mixture comprising first concentrations of acetone, citral and hydroxide, (ii) producing a second aqueous mixture by allowing to react for a reaction time the components of the first aqueous mixture and (iii) producing a third aqueous mixture by adding to the second aqueous mixture a second amount of hydroxide so that an additional amount of pseudoionone is formed in the third aqueous mixture. The invention further suggests an apparatus for making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone as well as to a respective process and use of said apparatus in making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone.

The present disclosure generally relates to the production of fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof. The compounds used to produce the fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof may be derived from biomass. The fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof may be produced by a combination of intermolecular and/or intramolecular aldol condensation reactions, Guerbet reactions, hydrogenation reactions, and/or oligomerization reactions.

The present disclosure generally relates to the production of fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof. The compounds used to produce the fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof may be derived from biomass. The fuels, gasoline additives, and/or lubricants, and precursors thereof may be produced by a combination of intermolecular and/or intramolecular aldol condensation reactions, Guerbet reactions, hydrogenation reactions, and/or oligomerization reactions.

The present invention relates to a process of a cis/trans isomerization of an unsaturated compound A being selected from the group consisting of unsaturated ketones, unsaturated ketals, unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated acetals, unsaturated carboxylic acids, esters of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and amides of an unsaturated carboxylic acid using polythiol as cis/trans isomerization catalyst. It has been observed that the isomerization is very efficient and fast.

The present invention relates to a process of a cis/trans isomerization of an unsaturated compound A being selected from the group consisting of unsaturated ketones, unsaturated ketals, unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated acetals, unsaturated carboxylic acids, esters of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and amides of an unsaturated carboxylic acid using polythiol as cis/trans isomerization catalyst. It has been observed that the isomerization is very efficient and fast.

Described is a process of making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone comprising the steps of (i) preparing a first aqueous mixture comprising first concentrations of acetone, citral and hydroxide, (ii) producing a second aqueous mixture by allowing to react for a reaction time the components of the first aqueous mixture and (iii) producing a third aqueous mixture by adding to the second aqueous mixture a second amount of hydroxide so that an additional amount of pseudoionone is formed in the third aqueous mixture. The invention further suggests an apparatus for making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone as well as to a respective process and use of said apparatus in making pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone.