The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI).

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The invention provides efficient cyclization processes of hydroxyalkenoic acids and products produced therefrom. The following reactions are claimed: Formula (I), (II), (V) and (VI).

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Proposed is a catalyst system specifically for the rearrangement of epoxides into allyl alcohols comprising or consisting of (a) a salt of formula (I) XY (I) in which X represents Zn.sup.2+ and/or Co.sup.2+ and Y represents an anion selected from the group formed from laurate, palmitate, stearate, picolinate, glycinate, gluconate, naphthenate, 2-hexyldecanoate, 2-octyldodecanoate, cyclohexane butyrate and mixtures thereof, and (b) at least one aminophenol.

Proposed is a catalyst system specifically for the rearrangement of epoxides into allyl alcohols comprising or consisting of (a) a salt of formula (I) XY (I) in which X represents Zn.sup.2+ and/or Co.sup.2+ and Y represents an anion selected from the group formed from laurate, palmitate, stearate, picolinate, glycinate, gluconate, naphthenate, 2-hexyldecanoate, 2-octyldodecanoate, cyclohexane butyrate and mixtures thereof, and (b) at least one aminophenol.

Crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds. The molecular framework is formed from guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions and the guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions are associated via one or more hydrogen bond. The small molecule(s) is/are encapsulated by the molecular framework. Methods for making crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds may include combining guanidinium cations, organosulfonate anions, and small molecules in a single step. The crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds can be used to determine the structure of the small molecule(s).

Crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds. The molecular framework is formed from guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions and the guanidinium cations and organosulfonate anions are associated via one or more hydrogen bond. The small molecule(s) is/are encapsulated by the molecular framework. Methods for making crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds may include combining guanidinium cations, organosulfonate anions, and small molecules in a single step. The crystalline molecular framework:small molecule compounds can be used to determine the structure of the small molecule(s).

A nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising a cyclobutenedione derivative represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond in its structure, and R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a thioalkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted thioaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

A nonaqueous electrolytic solution comprising a cyclobutenedione derivative represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond in its structure, and R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a thioalkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted thioaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

This invention provides efficient and scalable enantioselective methods that yield 2-alkyl-2-allylcycloalkyanone compounds with quaternary stereogenic centers. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

comprising treating a compound of formula (II) or (III):

##STR00002##

with a palladium (II) catalyst under alkylation conditions.

This invention provides efficient and scalable enantioselective methods that yield 2-alkyl-2-allylcycloalkyanone compounds with quaternary stereogenic centers. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

comprising treating a compound of formula (II) or (III):

##STR00002##

with a palladium (II) catalyst under alkylation conditions.