An electrophoretic medium that may be incorporated into an electrophoretic display includes a dispersion that may be contained in a plurality of microcapsules or microcells or a polymeric continuous phase. The dispersion may include a non-polar fluid, a plurality of first charged particles; and an inhibitor of photo-thermally induced polymerization that inhibits potential cross-linking between the particles and/or the microcells or polymeric continuous phase. The inhibitor may be a compound having an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring and at least one of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, and a nitroso group. The plurality of microcells or polymeric continuous phase and a coating of the particles may include a polymeric material that includes (meth)acrylates.

Flow batteries incorporating an active material with one or more catecholate ligands can have a number of desirable operating features. Commercial syntheses of catechol produce significant quantities of hydroquinone as a byproduct, which presently has limited value in the battery industry and can represent a significant waste disposal issue at industrial production scales. Using a concerted, high-yield process, low-value hydroquinone can be transformed into high-value 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, which can be a desirable ligand for active materials of relevance in the flow battery industry. Methods for forming 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene can include: oxidizing hydroquinone in a first reaction to form p-benzoquinone, converting the p-benzoquinone in a second reaction to form 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene, deacetylating the 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene in a third reaction to form 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, and isolating the 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene after performing the first reaction, the second reaction and the third reaction consecutively.

Flow batteries incorporating an active material with one or more catecholate ligands can have a number of desirable operating features. Commercial syntheses of catechol produce significant quantities of hydroquinone as a byproduct, which presently has limited value in the battery industry and can represent a significant waste disposal issue at industrial production scales. Using a concerted, high-yield process, low-value hydroquinone can be transformed into high-value 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, which can be a desirable ligand for active materials of relevance in the flow battery industry. Methods for forming 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene can include: oxidizing hydroquinone in a first reaction to form p-benzoquinone, converting the p-benzoquinone in a second reaction to form 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene, deacetylating the 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene in a third reaction to form 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, and isolating the 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene after performing the first reaction, the second reaction and the third reaction consecutively.

The invention relates to a method for producing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone or a compound containing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone, the method comprising the following steps: Oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in a two- or multi-phase reaction medium in the presence of a catalyst or catalyst system containing at least one copper (II)-halide to a mixture containing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone, characterized in that the reaction medium contains water and at least one secondary aliphatic acyclic alcohol having 6 or more, preferably 7 or more, carbon atoms.

The invention relates to a method for producing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone or a compound containing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone, the method comprising the following steps: Oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas in a two- or multi-phase reaction medium in the presence of a catalyst or catalyst system containing at least one copper (II)-halide to a mixture containing 2,3,5-trimethyl benzoquinone, characterized in that the reaction medium contains water and at least one secondary aliphatic acyclic alcohol having 6 or more, preferably 7 or more, carbon atoms.

There is disclosed an electrochemical deblocking solution for use on an electrode microarray. There is further disclosed a method for electrochemical synthesis on an electrode array using the electrochemical deblocking solution. The solution and method are for removing acid-labile protecting groups for synthesis of oligonucleotides, peptides, small molecules, or polymers on a microarray of electrodes while substantially improving isolation of deblocking to active electrodes. The method comprises applying a voltage or a current to at least one electrode of an array of electrodes. The array of electrodes is covered by the electrochemical deblocking solution.

Flow batteries incorporating an active material with one or more catecholate ligands can have a number of desirable operating features. Commercial syntheses of catechol produce significant quantities of hydroquinone as a byproduct, which presently has limited value in the battery industry and can represent a significant waste disposal issue at industrial production scales. Using a concerted, high-yield process, low-value hydroquinone can be transformed into high-value 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, which can be a desirable ligand for active materials of relevance in the flow battery industry. Methods for forming 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene can include: oxidizing hydroquinone in a first reaction to form p-benzoquinone, converting the p-benzoquinone in a second reaction to form 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene, deacetylating the 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene in a third reaction to form 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, and isolating the 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene after performing the first reaction, the second reaction and the third reaction consecutively.

Flow batteries incorporating an active material with one or more catecholate ligands can have a number of desirable operating features. Commercial syntheses of catechol produce significant quantities of hydroquinone as a byproduct, which presently has limited value in the battery industry and can represent a significant waste disposal issue at industrial production scales. Using a concerted, high-yield process, low-value hydroquinone can be transformed into high-value 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, which can be a desirable ligand for active materials of relevance in the flow battery industry. Methods for forming 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene can include: oxidizing hydroquinone in a first reaction to form p-benzoquinone, converting the p-benzoquinone in a second reaction to form 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene, deacetylating the 1,2,4-triacetoxybenzene in a third reaction to form 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, and isolating the 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene after performing the first reaction, the second reaction and the third reaction consecutively.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, stroke (MELAS), or Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.

Methods of treating or suppressing mitochondrial diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactacidosis, stroke (MELAS), or Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) are disclosed, as well as compounds useful in the methods of the invention. Methods and compounds useful in treating other disorders are also disclosed. Energy biomarkers useful in assessing the metabolic state of a subject and the efficacy of treatment are also disclosed. Methods of modulating, normalizing, or enhancing energy biomarkers, as well as compounds useful for such methods, are also disclosed.