The present invention relates to the manufacture of benzoquinones, in particular to the manufacture of a potassium salt of a benzoquinone, such as 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone di-potassium salt. The potassium salt of a benzoquinone is obtained by oxidation of a hydroquinone using potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, which results in an efficient process with high yields.

The present invention relates to the manufacture of benzoquinones, in particular to the manufacture of a potassium salt of a benzoquinone, such as 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone di-potassium salt. The potassium salt of a benzoquinone is obtained by oxidation of a hydroquinone using potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, which results in an efficient process with high yields.

A method of producing alpha-tocotrienol quinone or a stereoisomer thereof, the method comprising selective opening of alpha-tocotrienol chroman to alpha-tocotrienol quinone in the presence of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans by oxidizing alpha-to-cotrienol with a metal salt oxidizing agent, wherein the stoichiometric ratio of metal salt oxidizing agent/alpha-tocotrienol is at least 4:1 and wherein said metal oxidizing agent is added in sequential additions, in order to reduce oxidation of any amounts of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans that might have been present in the starting alpha-tocotrienol chroman material. This process uses conditions favoring oxidation rates of the alpha tocotrienol chroman vs. the non-alpha tocotrienol chromans.

A method of producing alpha-tocotrienol quinone or a stereoisomer thereof, the method comprising selective opening of alpha-tocotrienol chroman to alpha-tocotrienol quinone in the presence of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans by oxidizing alpha-to-cotrienol with a metal salt oxidizing agent, wherein the stoichiometric ratio of metal salt oxidizing agent/alpha-tocotrienol is at least 4:1 and wherein said metal oxidizing agent is added in sequential additions, in order to reduce oxidation of any amounts of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans that might have been present in the starting alpha-tocotrienol chroman material. This process uses conditions favoring oxidation rates of the alpha tocotrienol chroman vs. the non-alpha tocotrienol chromans.

A method of producing alpha-tocotrienol quinone or a stereoisomer thereof, the method comprising selective opening of alpha-tocotrienol chroman to alpha-tocotrienol quinone in the presence of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans by oxidizing alpha-to-cotrienol with a metal salt oxidizing agent, wherein the stoichiometric ratio of metal salt oxidizing agent/alpha-tocotrienol is at least 4:1 and wherein said metal oxidizing agent is added in sequential additions, in order to reduce oxidation of any amounts of non-alpha tocotrienol chromans that might have been present in the starting alpha-tocotrienol chroman material. This process uses conditions favoring oxidation rates of the alpha tocotrienol chroman vs. the non-alpha tocotrienol chromans.

To provide a novel therapeutic agent for fibrosis that induces selective cell death of lung fibroblasts and suppresses lung fibrosis without injuring alvocar epithelial cells. A pharmaceutical composition for treating fibrosis, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (II): ##STR00001## wherein in formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, and l represents an integer of 3 to 6; and in formula (II), n represents an integer of 8 to 12,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a solvate of the compound or the salt thereof.

To provide a novel therapeutic agent for fibrosis that induces selective cell death of lung fibroblasts and suppresses lung fibrosis without injuring alvocar epithelial cells. A pharmaceutical composition for treating fibrosis, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (II): ##STR00001## wherein in formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group optionally substituted with a halogen atom, and l represents an integer of 3 to 6; and in formula (II), n represents an integer of 8 to 12,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a solvate of the compound or the salt thereof.

The application discloses methods useful for the synthesis of racemic, scalemic, and chiral alpha-tocotrienol quinone, including synthetic intermediates and methods for making said synthetic intermediates.

The application discloses methods useful for the synthesis of racemic, scalemic, and chiral alpha-tocotrienol quinone, including synthetic intermediates and methods for making said synthetic intermediates.

The disclosure provides various new and existing compounds for use alone or as formulated in a composition (e.g., medicaments) and related methods and uses for treating, preventing, inhibiting, ameliorating or delaying the onset of a disease, disorder or condition associated with ferroptosis in a mammalian subject. Such ferroptosis related diseases, disorders or conditions can include: Friedreich's ataxia, Leigh syndrome, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), (proliferative, non-proliferative, diabetic or hypertensive) retinopathy, refractory epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), ischemic stroke, a cardiomyopathy (e.g. cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, Barth cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or heart failure), renal injury, renal ischemia reperfusion injury or acute renal failure.