Disclosed is a method for production of oxygenated diterpenoid compounds, such as triptophenolide, triptonide and triptolide, by inserting genes encoding particular cytochrome P450 enzymes and expressing the genes in selected host cells for synthesis of the compounds. Further disclosed are particular cytochrome P450 enzymes suitable for this synthesis.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent zoonotic and anthroponotic protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal syndrome in children and neonatal livestock, culminating in growth retardation and mortalities. Disclosed herein are inhibitors against the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpLDH protein that were identified. The inhibitors were tested for anti-Cryptosporidium effect using in vitro infection assays of HCT-8 cells monolayers. Compounds NSC158011 and NSC10447 were identified to inhibit the proliferation of intracellular C. parvum in vitro, with IC50 values of 14.88 and 72.65 M, respectively. At doses tolerable in mice, both NSC158011 and NSC10447 significantly reduced the shedding of C. parvum oocysts in infected immunocompromised mice's feces and prevented intestinal villous atrophy as well as mucosal erosion due to C. parvum. These findings have unveiled anti-Cryptosporidium drug candidates that can be explored further for the development of therapeutic agents against C. parvum infections.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent zoonotic and anthroponotic protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal syndrome in children and neonatal livestock, culminating in growth retardation and mortalities. Disclosed herein are inhibitors against the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpLDH protein that were identified. The inhibitors were tested for anti-Cryptosporidium effect using in vitro infection assays of HCT-8 cells monolayers. Compounds NSC158011 and NSC10447 were identified to inhibit the proliferation of intracellular C. parvum in vitro, with IC50 values of 14.88 and 72.65 M, respectively. At doses tolerable in mice, both NSC158011 and NSC10447 significantly reduced the shedding of C. parvum oocysts in infected immunocompromised mice's feces and prevented intestinal villous atrophy as well as mucosal erosion due to C. parvum. These findings have unveiled anti-Cryptosporidium drug candidates that can be explored further for the development of therapeutic agents against C. parvum infections.

Disclosed is an aqueous electrolyte for redox flow battery, including a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001##
and/or an ion of compound (I), and/or a salt of compound (I), and/or a reduced form of the anthraquinone member of compound (I), wherein: X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a OH group and a O-A-R.sup.1 group, A representing a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.1 representing COOH or SO.sub.3H; wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is OH, and wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is O-A-R.sup.1.

Disclosed is an aqueous electrolyte for redox flow battery, including a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001##
and/or an ion of compound (I), and/or a salt of compound (I), and/or a reduced form of the anthraquinone member of compound (I), wherein: X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a OH group and a O-A-R.sup.1 group, A representing a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.1 representing COOH or SO.sub.3H; wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is OH, and wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is O-A-R.sup.1.