A catalyst system includes a complex having formula I which advantageously has a sterically protecting N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) carbene-pyridine ligand to handle harsh reactions conditions than many prior art catalysts: ##STR00001##
wherein M is a transition metal; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R.sub.1 is a C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl. In a refinement, R.sub.1 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.3 are independently an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, halo (e.g., Cl, F, Br, etc), NO.sub.2, an optionally substituted C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl; R.sub.4, R.sub.4 are independently an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, halo, NO.sub.2, an optionally substituted C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl; and X.sup. is a negatively charge counter ion and L.sub.1, L.sub.2 are each independently a neutral ligand.

A catalyst system includes a complex having formula I which advantageously has a sterically protecting N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) carbene-pyridine ligand to handle harsh reactions conditions than many prior art catalysts: ##STR00001##
wherein M is a transition metal; o is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R.sub.1 is a C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl. In a refinement, R.sub.1 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.3 are independently an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, halo (e.g., Cl, F, Br, etc), NO.sub.2, an optionally substituted C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl; R.sub.4, R.sub.4 are independently an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, halo, NO.sub.2, an optionally substituted C.sub.6-18 aryl, or an optionally substituted C.sub.5-18 heteroaryl; and X.sup. is a negatively charge counter ion and L.sub.1, L.sub.2 are each independently a neutral ligand.

A composition of lithium L-threonate and a pharmaceutical composition of an effective amount of lithium L-threonate and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. A method of making lithium L-threonate, by reacting calcium L-threonate with Li2SO4 and Ba(OH)2, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method of making lithium L-threonate, by reacting calcium L-threonate with Li2SO4, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method making lithium L-threonate, by synthesizing L-threonic acid, reacting the L-threonic acid with Li2SO4, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method of treating bipolar disorder, by administering an effective amount of lithium L-threonate to a patient, and treating bipolar disorder. A method of treating a disease or disorder, by administering an effective amount of lithium L-threonate to a patient, and treating the disease.

A composition of lithium L-threonate and a pharmaceutical composition of an effective amount of lithium L-threonate and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. A method of making lithium L-threonate, by reacting calcium L-threonate with Li2SO4 and Ba(OH)2, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method of making lithium L-threonate, by reacting calcium L-threonate with Li2SO4, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method making lithium L-threonate, by synthesizing L-threonic acid, reacting the L-threonic acid with Li2SO4, and producing lithium L-threonate. A method of treating bipolar disorder, by administering an effective amount of lithium L-threonate to a patient, and treating bipolar disorder. A method of treating a disease or disorder, by administering an effective amount of lithium L-threonate to a patient, and treating the disease.

The invention relates to highly enantioselective processes for the synthesis of chiral 1-alkanols via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes.

The invention relates to highly enantioselective processes for the synthesis of chiral 1-alkanols via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes.

The invention relates to highly enantioselective processes for the synthesis of chiral 1-alkanols via Zr-catalyzed asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Systems and methods are provided for synthesizing multi-ring disalicylate linkers. The systems and methods can allow for synthesis of disalicylate linkers while using a reduced or minimized amount of solvent (such as down to potentially having no separate solvent) in the reaction environment. The synthesis can be performed by starting with a compound such as 4,4-biphenol as a starting reagent. The 4,4-biphenol (and/or other alcohol-substituted biphenyl compound) can then be exposed in a reaction environment to pressurized CO.sub.2 in the presence of a base. The temperature and pressure in the reaction environment can be increased to achieve either supercritical conditions for the CO.sub.2 (based on a phase diagram for neat CO.sub.2) and/or sub-critical conditions that are substantially similar to supercritical conditions. This can allow for conversion of the 4,4-biphenol (or other alcohol-substituted biphenyl compound) into a multi-ring disalicylate linker.