Methods for syntheses of organic acids from -keto acids, including methods for syntheses of isotopically encriched organic acids from -keto acids are disclosed. The isotopically enriched organic acids are useful, for example, in metabolic flux analyses.

Methods for syntheses of organic acids from -keto acids, including methods for syntheses of isotopically encriched organic acids from -keto acids are disclosed. The isotopically enriched organic acids are useful, for example, in metabolic flux analyses.

This disclosure relates to a highly efficient and safe reactor for the continuous quenching of peroxide mixtures generated during the reaction of unsaturated compounds with ozone, which minimizes the amount of highly reactive peroxides accumulated in the reactor at any given time. The reactor may be modified to allow for expansion to accommodate the quenching parameters of a wide variety of ozonolysis reactions and flow rates. The reactor may be constructed from highly pressure rated stainless steel for maximum durability, safety, and economic practicality while increasing the safety of peroxide quenching, thus allowing tighter process control and improved product yields. This disclosure also related to methods for quenching ozonides.

This disclosure relates to a highly efficient and safe reactor for the continuous quenching of peroxide mixtures generated during the reaction of unsaturated compounds with ozone, which minimizes the amount of highly reactive peroxides accumulated in the reactor at any given time. The reactor may be modified to allow for expansion to accommodate the quenching parameters of a wide variety of ozonolysis reactions and flow rates. The reactor may be constructed from highly pressure rated stainless steel for maximum durability, safety, and economic practicality while increasing the safety of peroxide quenching, thus allowing tighter process control and improved product yields. This disclosure also related to methods for quenching ozonides.

This disclosure relates to a highly efficient and safe reactor for the continuous quenching of peroxide mixtures generated during the reaction of unsaturated compounds with ozone, which minimizes the amount of highly reactive peroxides accumulated in the reactor at any given time. The reactor may be modified to allow for expansion to accommodate the quenching parameters of a wide variety of ozonolysis reactions and flow rates. The reactor may be constructed from highly pressure rated stainless steel for maximum durability, safety, and economic practicality while increasing the safety of peroxide quenching, thus allowing tighter process control and improved product yields. This disclosure also related to methods for quenching ozonides.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof.

Disclosed herein is a process for making a compound of formula (2) by (hetero)aromatic CH hydroxylation of a compound of formula (1): catalyzed by palladium(II) and a bidentate ligand in the presence of O.sub.2. The process is useful for instance, in the late-stage modification of medicinally important heterocycles.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a process for making a compound of formula (2) by (hetero)aromatic CH hydroxylation of a compound of formula (1): catalyzed by palladium(II) and a bidentate ligand in the presence of O.sub.2. The process is useful for instance, in the late-stage modification of medicinally important heterocycles.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a novel process for preparing Lubiprostone and novel intermediates prepared from the process. The process of the present invention does not generate hydrogenated by-products that are difficult to be removed, and thus enables the production of Lubiprostone in an efficient and economical way.