Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using solid promoters are disclosed. The solid promoters can be certain solid oxides, mixed oxides, and clays, illustrative examples of which can include alumina, zirconia, magnesia, magnesium aluminate, sepiolite, and similar materials.

A mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof represented by the general formulas:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1CH═CF(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

and

C.sub.n−1F.sub.2n−1CF═CHCF.sub.2(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

wherein M is a hydrogen atom, an ammonium salt, an organic amine salt or an alkali metal, n is an integer of 1 to 6 and m is an integer of 0 to 2. The mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof is produced by subjecting a polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acids represented by the general formula:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2)(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOH

to a dehydrofluorination reaction in the presence of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound catalyst, and has a lower critical micelle concentration and less surface tension at that time, therefore, the mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof can be effectively used as a surfactant in the polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers.

A mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof represented by the general formulas:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1CH═CF(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

and

C.sub.n−1F.sub.2n−1CF═CHCF.sub.2(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

wherein M is a hydrogen atom, an ammonium salt, an organic amine salt or an alkali metal, n is an integer of 1 to 6 and m is an integer of 0 to 2. The mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof is produced by subjecting a polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acids represented by the general formula:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2)(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOH

to a dehydrofluorination reaction in the presence of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound catalyst, and has a lower critical micelle concentration and less surface tension at that time, therefore, the mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof can be effectively used as a surfactant in the polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers.

A mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof represented by the general formulas:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1CH═CF(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

and

C.sub.n−1F.sub.2n−1CF═CHCF.sub.2(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOM

wherein M is a hydrogen atom, an ammonium salt, an organic amine salt or an alkali metal, n is an integer of 1 to 6 and m is an integer of 0 to 2. The mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof is produced by subjecting a polyfluoroalkane carboxylic acids represented by the general formula:

C.sub.nF.sub.2n+1(CH.sub.2CF.sub.2)(CF.sub.2CF.sub.2).sub.mCF.sub.2COOH

to a dehydrofluorination reaction in the presence of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound catalyst, and has a lower critical micelle concentration and less surface tension at that time, therefore, the mixture of polyfluoroalkene carboxylic acids or salts thereof can be effectively used as a surfactant in the polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers.

Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

Processes for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid, or a salt thereof, using treated solid oxides are disclosed. The treated solid oxides can be calcined solid oxides, metal-treated solid oxides, or metal-treated chemically-modified solid oxides, illustrative examples of which can include sodium-treated alumina, calcium-treated alumina, zinc-treated alumina, sodium-treated sulfated alumina, sodium-treated fluorided silica-coated alumina, and similar materials.

The invention provides a method for the preparation of regioisomerically pure intermediates which are useful for the preparation of carboxy-fluorescein-type compounds. Such compounds have broad applications within bio-conjugation and/or fluorescent imaging.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a formic acid including, a first step of allowing carbon dioxide and hydrogen to react with each other in a solution containing a solvent and a catalyst dissolved in the solvent and in the presence of an amine insoluble in the solvent, and allowing a generated formic acid to adsorb to the amine, in which the catalyst contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of metal elements belonging to Groups 8, 9, and 10 of a periodic table and the amine is an amine immobilized on a solid.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a formic acid including, a first step of allowing carbon dioxide and hydrogen to react with each other in a solution containing a solvent and a catalyst dissolved in the solvent and in the presence of an amine insoluble in the solvent, and allowing a generated formic acid to adsorb to the amine, in which the catalyst contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of metal elements belonging to Groups 8, 9, and 10 of a periodic table and the amine is an amine immobilized on a solid.