The disclosure provides methods and apparatus for producing 3-hydroxypropionic acid or a salt thereof, for removing 3-hydroxypropionic acid from aqueous solution (e.g., aqueous broth), and for using it to make various chemicals.

Provided is a method capable of industrially efficiently producing acetic acid yielding a good potassium permanganate test result, without costing much. In the acetic acid production method, (1) by-produced acetaldehyde is industrially advantageously removed from a process stream, and (2) a crotonaldehyde concentration in an acetic acid stream from a light ends column is controlled to a specific level or lower, and/or a reflux ratio at a second distillation column is controlled to 0.1 or more. In addition, (3) the method includes the step of subjecting at least one of an aqueous phase and an organic phase of a light ends column overhead condensate to distillation in a crotonaldehyde-removing column; the light ends column is operated at a reflux ratio of 2 or more (when the aqueous phase is refluxed); and the crotonaldehyde-removing column is operated so as to meet a specific condition(s).

Provided is a method capable of industrially efficiently producing acetic acid yielding a good potassium permanganate test result, without costing much. In the acetic acid production method, (1) by-produced acetaldehyde is industrially advantageously removed from a process stream, and (2) a crotonaldehyde concentration in an acetic acid stream from a light ends column is controlled to a specific level or lower, and/or a reflux ratio at a second distillation column is controlled to 0.1 or more. In addition, (3) the method includes the step of subjecting at least one of an aqueous phase and an organic phase of a light ends column overhead condensate to distillation in a crotonaldehyde-removing column; the light ends column is operated at a reflux ratio of 2 or more (when the aqueous phase is refluxed); and the crotonaldehyde-removing column is operated so as to meet a specific condition(s).

Provided is a method capable of industrially efficiently producing acetic acid yielding a good potassium permanganate test result, without costing much. In the acetic acid production method, (1) by-produced acetaldehyde is industrially advantageously removed from a process stream, and (2) a crotonaldehyde concentration in an acetic acid stream from a light ends column is controlled to a specific level or lower, and/or a reflux ratio at a second distillation column is controlled to 0.1 or more. In addition, (3) the method includes the step of subjecting at least one of an aqueous phase and an organic phase of a light ends column overhead condensate to distillation in a crotonaldehyde-removing column; the light ends column is operated at a reflux ratio of 2 or more (when the aqueous phase is refluxed); and the crotonaldehyde-removing column is operated so as to meet a specific condition(s).

Alkyl salicylic acids, overbased detergents derived from alkyl salicylic acids, lubricating compositions including the alkyl salicylic acids and/or overbased detergents, and processes of making and using the same, are described.

Alkyl salicylic acids, overbased detergents derived from alkyl salicylic acids, lubricating compositions including the alkyl salicylic acids and/or overbased detergents, and processes of making and using the same, are described.

Alkyl salicylic acids, overbased detergents derived from alkyl salicylic acids, lubricating compositions including the alkyl salicylic acids and/or overbased detergents, and processes of making and using the same, are described.

The invention relates to a method for transferring a target substance (5), particularly a target molecule (5), between two liquid phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11), of which at least one phase (4, 6) comprises the target substance (5) to be transferred and at least one phase (4, 8, 11) is an aqueous phase, where at least the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11) is arranged in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected, preferably by charge carrier exchange, and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, preferably where the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11) are arranged together in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, and a pH-value modification is generated by the H and/or OH ions created during the electrolysis in the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11), said modification initiating a transfer process of the target substance (5) between the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11). The invention also relates to the use of the method for enrichment and subsequent isolation of the target substance (5).

The invention relates to a method for transferring a target substance (5), particularly a target molecule (5), between two liquid phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11), of which at least one phase (4, 6) comprises the target substance (5) to be transferred and at least one phase (4, 8, 11) is an aqueous phase, where at least the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11) is arranged in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected, preferably by charge carrier exchange, and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, preferably where the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11) are arranged together in one of two electrode chambers (1a, 1b, 10a, 10b) which are electroconductively connected and separated in terms of the volumes thereof, and a pH-value modification is generated by the H and/or OH ions created during the electrolysis in the aqueous phase (4, 8, 11), said modification initiating a transfer process of the target substance (5) between the phases (4, 6; 6, 8; 6, 11). The invention also relates to the use of the method for enrichment and subsequent isolation of the target substance (5).

The present invention relates to a highly economic process for the purification of a cannabinoid acid, more specifically THCA or CBDA, from either a crude cannabis plant material or a cell culture of said cannabis plant, using ion exchange resins. The purified cannabinoid acid obtained may then be decarboxylated to yield the corresponding cannabinoid, i.e., THC or CBD, respectively.