A process includes forming a bio-derived crosslinking material from biorenewable aconitic acid. The process includes initiating a chemical reaction to form a bio-derived crosslinking material that includes multiple functional groups. The chemical reaction includes converting each carboxylic acid group of a biorenewable aconitic acid molecule to one of the multiple functional groups.

A process includes forming a bio-derived crosslinking material from biorenewable aconitic acid. The process includes initiating a chemical reaction to form a bio-derived crosslinking material that includes multiple functional groups. The chemical reaction includes converting each carboxylic acid group of a biorenewable aconitic acid molecule to one of the multiple functional groups.

The present invention provides a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone of the following formula (3), the process comprising at least a step of subjecting pentanoic anhydride of the following formula (1) and a 2-pentyl nucleophilic reagent of the following general formula (2), in which M represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, or ZnZ.sup.1, wherein Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a 2-pentyl group, to a nucleophilic substitution reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanone (3), as well as a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanol of the following formula (7), the process comprising at least steps of preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone and subjecting the obtained 4-methyl-5-nonanone and a reducing agent to a reduction reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanol (7).

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone of the following formula (3), the process comprising at least a step of subjecting pentanoic anhydride of the following formula (1) and a 2-pentyl nucleophilic reagent of the following general formula (2), in which M represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, or ZnZ.sup.1, wherein Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a 2-pentyl group, to a nucleophilic substitution reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanone (3), as well as a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanol of the following formula (7), the process comprising at least steps of preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone and subjecting the obtained 4-methyl-5-nonanone and a reducing agent to a reduction reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanol (7).

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone of the following formula (3): the process comprising at least a step of subjecting 2-methylpentanoic anhydride of the following formula (1) and an n-butyl nucleophilic reagent of the following general formula (2) in which M represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, or ZnZ.sup.1, wherein Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or an n-butyl group, to a nucleophilic substitution. reaction Coproduce 4-methyl-5-nonanone (3), as well as a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanol of the following formula (5), the process comprising at least steps of preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone; and subjecting the obtained 4-methyl-5-nonanone and a reducing agent to a reduction reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanol (5).

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone of the following formula (3): the process comprising at least a step of subjecting 2-methylpentanoic anhydride of the following formula (1) and an n-butyl nucleophilic reagent of the following general formula (2) in which M represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, or ZnZ.sup.1, wherein Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or an n-butyl group, to a nucleophilic substitution. reaction Coproduce 4-methyl-5-nonanone (3), as well as a process for preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanol of the following formula (5), the process comprising at least steps of preparing 4-methyl-5-nonanone; and subjecting the obtained 4-methyl-5-nonanone and a reducing agent to a reduction reaction to produce 4-methyl-5-nonanol (5).

##STR00001##

Processes for purifying acetic acid by distilling a process stream in a column in which acetic anhydride is formed in the lower portion of the column. The product stream withdrawn from the column comprises acetic acid, water at a concentration of no more than 0.2 wt. %, and acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 600 wppm. The process further comprises hydrating the acetic anhydride in the product stream to form a purified acetic acid product comprising acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 50 wppm.

Processes for purifying acetic acid by distilling a process stream in a column in which acetic anhydride is formed in the lower portion of the column. The product stream withdrawn from the column comprises acetic acid, water at a concentration of no more than 0.2 wt. %, and acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 600 wppm. The process further comprises hydrating the acetic anhydride in the product stream to form a purified acetic acid product comprising acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 50 wppm.

Processes for purifying acetic acid by distilling a process stream in a column in which acetic anhydride is formed in the lower portion of the column. The product stream withdrawn from the column comprises acetic acid, water at a concentration of no more than 0.2 wt. %, and acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 600 wppm. The process further comprises hydrating the acetic anhydride in the product stream to form a purified acetic acid product comprising acetic anhydride at a concentration of no more than 50 wppm.

The present invention provides an industrially-preferable method for safely producing N-benzyl-2-bromo-3-methoxypropionamide at a high yield but at low cost. The method for producing of the present invention includes: in sequence, an amidation process that causes diacrylic anhydride to react with benzylamine in a solvent to obtain N-benzylacrylamide; a bromination process that causes N-benzylacrylamide to react with bromine in a solvent to obtain N-benzyl-2,3-dibromopropionamide; and a methoxylation process that causes N-benzyl-2,3-dibromopropionamide to react with methanol in the presence of a base to obtain N-benzyl-2-bromo-3-methoxypropionamide.