This invention provides compounds of Formulae (IA), (IB), (IC), (ID), (IE), (IF), (IG), (IH), (IJ), (IK), (IL), (II), (III), (IIIA), and (IIIB); pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof; and compositions thereof. This invention further provides methods for treating a disease, including but not limited to, liver disease or an abnormal liver condition; cancer (such as hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma); a malignant or benign tumor of the lung, liver, gall bladder, bile duct or digestive tract; an intra- or extra-hepatic bile duct disease; a disorder of lipoprotein; a lipid-and-metabolic disorder; cirrhosis; fibrosis; a disorder of glucose metabolism; a cardiovascular or related vascular disorder; a disease resulting from steatosis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis; a disease associated with increased inflammation (such as hepatic inflammation or pulmonary inflammation); hepatocyte ballooning; a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder; an ATP citrate lyase disorder; an acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase disorder; obesity; pancreatitis; or renal disease.

A novel acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine, which is an industrially useful compound as an intermediate of medicines and does not exhibit deliquescence, is provided. In particular, an acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine selected from the group consisting of racemic 3-aminoquinuclidine, (R)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and (S)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, terephthalic acid, oxalic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, and ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, is provided.

A novel acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine, which is an industrially useful compound as an intermediate of medicines and does not exhibit deliquescence, is provided. In particular, an acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine selected from the group consisting of racemic 3-aminoquinuclidine, (R)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and (S)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, terephthalic acid, oxalic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, and ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, is provided.

A method of scale inhibition treatment of a water system comprising introducing an aqueous scale inhibiting composition into the water system wherein the aqueous scale inhibiting composition comprises a carboxylated hyperbranched polyglycerol.

A method of scale inhibition treatment of a water system comprising introducing an aqueous scale inhibiting composition into the water system wherein the aqueous scale inhibiting composition comprises a carboxylated hyperbranched polyglycerol.

A novel acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine, which is an industrially useful compound as an intermediate of medicines and does not exhibit deliquescence, is provided.

In particular, an acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine selected from the group consisting of racemic 3-aminoquinuclidine, (R)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and (S)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, terephthalic acid, oxalic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, and ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, is provided.

A novel acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine, which is an industrially useful compound as an intermediate of medicines and does not exhibit deliquescence, is provided.

In particular, an acid addition salt of 3-aminoquinuclidine selected from the group consisting of racemic 3-aminoquinuclidine, (R)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and (S)-3-aminoquinuclidine, and acid selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, terephthalic acid, oxalic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, and ()-10-camphorsulfonic acid, is provided.

The invention provides compounds of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein, A, C, D, X, and Y have any of the values defined in the specification, and salts thereof. The compounds are SIRT2 inhibitors and are useful for treating SIRT2 associated conditions.

Compounds derived from biomass, e.g., cellulose and lignins, methods of forming such compounds and polymers and products formed using such compounds.

Compounds derived from biomass, e.g., cellulose and lignins, methods of forming such compounds and polymers and products formed using such compounds.