A compound having end groups each having a reactive group that are disposed at both ends respectively, and between the end groups, either or both of a first structure in which an aromatic cyclic group, an ether oxygen, a methylene group, an aromatic cyclic group, a methylene group, an ether oxygen and an aromatic cyclic group are bonded together in this order and a second structure in which an aromatic cyclic group, a methylene group, an ether oxygen, an aromatic cyclic group, an ether oxygen, a methylene group and an aromatic cyclic group are bonded together in this order.

Disclosed are compounds that can modulate DDAH and the amount of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in a subject. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, as well as methods of using these compositions to treat and/or prevent diseases associated with elevated or low levels of DDAH and ADMA.

Provided are a carboxylate capable of producing a resist pattern with satisfactory CD uniformity (CDU), and a resist composition. Disclosed are a carboxylate represented by formula (I) and a resist composition:

##STR00001##

wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, X.sup.1 represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, R.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 represents a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a haloalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, —CH.sub.2— included in the haloalkyl group and the alkyl group may be replaced by —O— or —CO—, m1 represents an integer of 1 to 6, m2 represents an integer of 0 to 4, and Z.sup.+ represents an organic cation.

The present invention comprises novel aromatic molecules, which can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as cancer, skin diseases, muscle disorders, and immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in human and veterinary medicine.

The present invention comprises novel aromatic molecules, which can be used in the treatment of pathological conditions, such as cancer, skin diseases, muscle disorders, and immune system-related disorders such as disorders of the hematopoietic system including the hematologic system in human and veterinary medicine.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPR X4 generally, or for treating a MRGPR X4 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPR X4 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein n, x, A, Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Z, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as to compounds themselves, are also provided.

Enantiopure terphenyl presenting two ortho-located chiral axes having the following structural formula (I): their process of synthesis and their use as mono or bidentate ligands for asymmetric organometallic reactions, as organocatalysts, as chiral base and as generator, with metal, of isolable chiral metallic complexes for applications in asymmetric catalysis and others.

A method for producing an aromatic dianhydride includes reacting an aromatic diimide with a substituted or unsubstituted phthalic anhydride in an aqueous medium in the presence of an amine exchange catalyst to provide an aqueous reaction mixture including an N-substituted phthalimide, an aromatic tetraacid salt, and at least one of an aromatic triacid salt and an aromatic imide diacid salt. The method further includes removing the phthalimide from the aqueous reaction mixture by extracting the aqueous reaction mixture with an organic solvent using a sieve tray extraction column. The aromatic tetraacid salt is converted to the corresponding aromatic dianhydride. Aromatic dianhydrides prepared according to the method are also described.

A method for producing an aromatic dianhydride includes reacting an aromatic diimide with a substituted or unsubstituted phthalic anhydride in an aqueous medium in the presence of an amine exchange catalyst to provide an aqueous reaction mixture including an N-substituted phthalimide, an aromatic tetraacid salt, and at least one of an aromatic triacid salt and an aromatic imide diacid salt. The method further includes removing the phthalimide from the aqueous reaction mixture by extracting the aqueous reaction mixture with an organic solvent using a sieve tray extraction column. The aromatic tetraacid salt is converted to the corresponding aromatic dianhydride. Aromatic dianhydrides prepared according to the method are also described.

A polysubstituted benzene compound, preparation method thereof, and method of using the same. The compound has a formula I or I′, where X represents carbon, sulfur, or oxygen; R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-16 alkyl, C.sub.2-16 alkenyl, or C.sub.2-10 alkynyl; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-16 alkyl, C.sub.2-16 alkenyl, or C.sub.2-10 alkynyl; or an aryl group or a substituted aryl group by 1-5 groups selected from halogen, C.sub.1-26 alkyl, C.sub.1-3 halogenated alkyl, O—C.sub.1-3 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano group, aldehyde group and ester group; or a heteroaryl group or a substituted heteroaryl group by 1-5 groups selected from halogen, C.sub.1-26 alkyl, C.sub.1-3 halogenated alkyl, O—C.sub.1-3 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano group, aldehyde group and ester group; the heteroaryl group is a 3-10-membered heteroaryl group including N, S, O, or a combination thereof.