Ion chromatography may be used for measuring the concentration of metal ions in various streams of a vinyl acetate production process. For example, a method may comprise: reacting ethylene, oxygen, and acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst and optionally a catalyst promotor like sodium acetate and/or potassium acetate to yield a crude vinyl acetate stream; measuring a concentration of a metal ion of the crude vinyl acetate stream and/or a stream downstream thereof with an ion chromatograph, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of Group I metal ions, Group II metal ions, transition metal ions, and any combination thereof.

Ion chromatography may be used for measuring the concentration of metal ions in various streams of a vinyl acetate production process. For example, a method may comprise: reacting ethylene, oxygen, and acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst and optionally a catalyst promotor like sodium acetate and/or potassium acetate to yield a crude vinyl acetate stream; measuring a concentration of a metal ion of the crude vinyl acetate stream and/or a stream downstream thereof with an ion chromatograph, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of Group I metal ions, Group II metal ions, transition metal ions, and any combination thereof.

Ion chromatography may be used for measuring the concentration of metal ions in various streams of a vinyl acetate production process. For example, a method may comprise: reacting ethylene, oxygen, and acetic acid in the presence of a catalyst and optionally a catalyst promotor like sodium acetate and/or potassium acetate to yield a crude vinyl acetate stream; measuring a concentration of a metal ion of the crude vinyl acetate stream and/or a stream downstream thereof with an ion chromatograph, wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of Group I metal ions, Group II metal ions, transition metal ions, and any combination thereof.

The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H amination. More specifically, methods of making para- and ortho-substituted arenes via direct C—H amination are disclosed. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H amination. More specifically, methods of making para- and ortho-substituted arenes via direct C—H amination are disclosed. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

The invention generally relates to methods of making substituted arenes via direct C—H amination. More specifically, methods of making para- and ortho-substituted arenes via direct C—H amination are disclosed. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

Provided are methods and materials for the functionalization of a heteroalkane or arene using an oxidizing electrophile as a stoichiometric agent or catalyst. The reaction involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an sp3-hybridized carbon atom of the heteroalkane or of a hydrogen atom on an sp2-hybridized carbon atom of the arene. A main group element organometallic intermediate is formed that undergoes further conversion to a functionalized heteroalkane or arene.

Provided are methods and materials for the functionalization of a heteroalkane or arene using an oxidizing electrophile as a stoichiometric agent or catalyst. The reaction involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an sp3-hybridized carbon atom of the heteroalkane or of a hydrogen atom on an sp2-hybridized carbon atom of the arene. A main group element organometallic intermediate is formed that undergoes further conversion to a functionalized heteroalkane or arene.

Methods and systems for producing vinyl acetate may use flammability limit (FL) formulas with improved efficiencies at more than one location in the vinyl acetate production process. Herein, FLs can be used at one or more of four portions of the vinyl acetate production process: the reactor, the process-to-process heat exchangers, the carbon dioxide removal system, and the ethylene recovery system. Such FLs are functions of operating conditions and include at least one interaction term that represents the interrelation of two or more of the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and component concentration) on the FL.

Methods and systems for producing vinyl acetate may use flammability limit (FL) formulas with improved efficiencies at more than one location in the vinyl acetate production process. Herein, FLs can be used at one or more of four portions of the vinyl acetate production process: the reactor, the process-to-process heat exchangers, the carbon dioxide removal system, and the ethylene recovery system. Such FLs are functions of operating conditions and include at least one interaction term that represents the interrelation of two or more of the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and component concentration) on the FL.