A process for producing biofuels compounds directly from carboxylic acid esters recovered from a fermentation system is described. The process involves taking a fermentation broth that has been reduced to a dry powder containing free organic acids; reacting the carboxylic acid in the powder with an alcohol solvent under a CO.sub.2-containing atmosphere in substantial absence of any other acid catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure that corresponds to supercritical, critical or near critical conditions for at least one of the alcohol or CO.sub.2 to synthesize an ester, then subjecting the ester to either hydrogenolysis or hydrogenation to form a biofuel.

Novel processes for preparing cyclopenta[b]naphthalenol derivatives of Formula 1 ##STR00001##
which are useful for the synthesis of corresponding benzindene prostaglandins are provided. The present invention also relates to novel intermediates prepared from the processes.

Novel processes for preparing cyclopenta[b]naphthalenol derivatives of Formula 1 ##STR00001##
which are useful for the synthesis of corresponding benzindene prostaglandins are provided. The present invention also relates to novel intermediates prepared from the processes.

The present invention relates to a process for providing a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R is hydrogen or R, wherein R is (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and Hal is a halogen, the process comprising the step of:
reacting a compound of formula (II) ##STR00002##
wherein Hal is defined as above,
with an alkali metal alkoxide of the formula XOR, wherein X is an alkali metal, and R is defined as above.

The present invention relates to a process for providing a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R is hydrogen or R, wherein R is (C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl, and Hal is a halogen, the process comprising the step of:
reacting a compound of formula (II) ##STR00002##
wherein Hal is defined as above,
with an alkali metal alkoxide of the formula XOR, wherein X is an alkali metal, and R is defined as above.

The present invention relates to the field of chemical processes and, more particularly, it concerns valuable new chemical intermediates of formula (IV) for producing perfuming ingredients.

The present invention relates to the field of chemical processes and, more particularly, it concerns valuable new chemical intermediates of formula (IV) for producing perfuming ingredients.

The present invention relates to the field of chemical processes and, more particularly, it concerns valuable new chemical intermediates of formula (IV) for producing perfuming ingredients.

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.

Methods of preparing fluorinated compounds by carboxylative fluorination using fluoride are contained herein. Fluorinated compounds are provided. Methods of using fluorinated compounds are contained herein.