The present invention provides a method for preparing ingenol-3-angelate.

Provided is a simple, selective and efficient method for producing 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylates such as 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-octenyl propionate. More specifically, provided is, for example, a method for producing a 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylate compound, comprising an acyloxylation step of subjecting a 1-(2-haloethyl)cyclopropyl sulfonate compound (1) to acyloxylation to obtain a 1-(2-acyloxyethyl)cyclopropyl sulfonate compound (2), a halogenation step of subjecting the compound (2) to halogenation involving cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement to obtain a 3-halomethyl-3-butenyl carboxylate compound (3), and a coupling step of subjecting the compound (3) to a coupling reaction with an organometallic reagent (4) to obtain the 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylate compound (5). ##STR00001##

Provided is a simple, selective and efficient method for producing 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylates such as 7-methyl-3-methylene-7-octenyl propionate. More specifically, provided is, for example, a method for producing a 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylate compound, comprising an acyloxylation step of subjecting a 1-(2-haloethyl)cyclopropyl sulfonate compound (1) to acyloxylation to obtain a 1-(2-acyloxyethyl)cyclopropyl sulfonate compound (2), a halogenation step of subjecting the compound (2) to halogenation involving cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement to obtain a 3-halomethyl-3-butenyl carboxylate compound (3), and a coupling step of subjecting the compound (3) to a coupling reaction with an organometallic reagent (4) to obtain the 4-alkyl-3-methylenebutyl carboxylate compound (5). ##STR00001##

The coupling of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl halides with ,-difluoroketones or silyl ethers or siylenol ethers of ,-difluoroketones and ,-difluoroamides and esters are described. Further derivatization of the coupling products (such as ketone cleavage and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) is also described.

The coupling of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl halides with ,-difluoroketones or silyl ethers or siylenol ethers of ,-difluoroketones and ,-difluoroamides and esters are described. Further derivatization of the coupling products (such as ketone cleavage and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation) is also described.

A process for producing biofuels compounds directly from carboxylic acid esters recovered from a fermentation system is described. The process involves taking a fermentation broth that has been reduced to a dry powder containing free organic acids; reacting the carboxylic acid in the powder with an alcohol solvent under a CO.sub.2-containing atmosphere in substantial absence of any other acid catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure that corresponds to supercritical, critical or near critical conditions for at least one of the alcohol or CO.sub.2 to synthesize an ester, then subjecting the ester to either hydrogenolysis or hydrogenation to form a biofuel.

A process for producing biofuels compounds directly from carboxylic acid esters recovered from a fermentation system is described. The process involves taking a fermentation broth that has been reduced to a dry powder containing free organic acids; reacting the carboxylic acid in the powder with an alcohol solvent under a CO.sub.2-containing atmosphere in substantial absence of any other acid catalyst at a reaction temperature and pressure that corresponds to supercritical, critical or near critical conditions for at least one of the alcohol or CO.sub.2 to synthesize an ester, then subjecting the ester to either hydrogenolysis or hydrogenation to form a biofuel.

The present invention relates to a method for the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in which method PET is reacted with sodium glycolate or potassium glycolate which has been obtained via reactive distillation, to form a mixture M1 comprising bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The method according to the invention is characterized in that BHET forms a particularly high proportion of the cleavage products in the mixture M1. As a result, the method according to the invention provides a high yield of BHET, which can be used directly to produce PET again. The present invention therefore also relates to a method for recycling PET, in which method the BHET that is obtained in the method for the depolymerization of PET and, if necessary, has been further purified from M1, is repolymerized to form PET.

The present invention relates to a method for the depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), in which method PET is reacted with sodium glycolate or potassium glycolate which has been obtained via reactive distillation, to form a mixture M1 comprising bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). The method according to the invention is characterized in that BHET forms a particularly high proportion of the cleavage products in the mixture M1. As a result, the method according to the invention provides a high yield of BHET, which can be used directly to produce PET again. The present invention therefore also relates to a method for recycling PET, in which method the BHET that is obtained in the method for the depolymerization of PET and, if necessary, has been further purified from M1, is repolymerized to form PET.

The various embodiments disclosed herein relate to a process for producing vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) from ethylene glycol diacetate (GDA) by thermal cracking in the presence of a substantially non-reactive liquid. The liquid phase enhances heat transfer, improves selectivity, and reduces fouling. The process operates in a continuous or discontinuous phase, optimizing efficiency and enabling higher yields of VAM with improved reactor performance.