A novel method of producing an azole derivative represented by General Formula (I) includes: reacting an organometallic reagent formed from 1-bromo-2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene by transmetalation reaction with a bromopyruvic acid derivative to obtain a bromohydrin derivative; and reacting the bromohydrin derivative with imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole, or an alkali metal salt thereof to obtain the azole derivative.

An object is to provide a new method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound in an industrially stable manner and in high yield. As a solution, a method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound represented by formula (3), in which in a reaction between an aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) represented by formula (1) above and a halide (2) represented by formula (2) above, the amount of water in a reaction solution is 0.01 wt % or more and 1.5 wt % or less relative to the amount of the aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) in the reaction solution, is provided.

An object is to provide a new method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound in an industrially stable manner and in high yield. As a solution, a method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound represented by formula (3), in which in a reaction between an aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) represented by formula (1) above and a halide (2) represented by formula (2) above, the amount of water in a reaction solution is 0.01 wt % or more and 1.5 wt % or less relative to the amount of the aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) in the reaction solution, is provided.

An object is to provide a new method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound in an industrially stable manner and in high yield. As a solution, a method for producing an aromatic bis ether compound represented by formula (3), in which in a reaction between an aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) represented by formula (1) above and a halide (2) represented by formula (2) above, the amount of water in a reaction solution is 0.01 wt % or more and 1.5 wt % or less relative to the amount of the aromatic dihydroxy compound (1) in the reaction solution, is provided.

The invention relates to a method for producing fatty alcohol esters of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and their acylated derivatives, as well as the products thus obtained and their use.

The invention relates to a method for producing fatty alcohol esters of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and their acylated derivatives, as well as the products thus obtained and their use.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of iloprost of formula I through new intermediates, isolation of iloprost of formula I in solid form, as well as preparation of the 16(S)-iloprost and 16(R)-iloprost isomers of formulae (S)-I and (R)-I and isolation of iloprost of formula I and 16(S)-iloprost of formula (S)-I in solid, crystalline form.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of iloprost of formula I through new intermediates, isolation of iloprost of formula I in solid form, as well as preparation of the 16(S)-iloprost and 16(R)-iloprost isomers of formulae (S)-I and (R)-I and isolation of iloprost of formula I and 16(S)-iloprost of formula (S)-I in solid, crystalline form.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of iloprost of formula I through new intermediates, isolation of iloprost of formula I in solid form, as well as preparation of the 16(S)-iloprost and 16(R)-iloprost isomers of formulae (S)-I and (R)-I and isolation of iloprost of formula I and 16(S)-iloprost of formula (S)-I in solid, crystalline form.

##STR00001##

The present application provides a method for synthesis of Roxadustat. A compound as represented by formula (VIII) is used as a raw material, and is reacted with phenol, a vinyl-containing ether, an acid, hydroxylamine, and then the product is reacted with glycine. In addition, the present application also provides intermediate compounds as represented by formula (IX), formula (XI), formula (XII), formula (IV), and formula (V) for synthesis of Roxadustat. Herein, details of the substituents involved in formula (VIII), formula (IX), formula (XI), and formula (XII) are stated in the description ##STR00001##