Described herein is a process for the preparation of a mixture of compounds of formula ##STR00001##
having a weight ratio of the cis-diastereomers to trans-diastereoisomers higher than 1:1, where R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.1-8 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-8 alkenyl group or a C.sub.2-8 alkynyl group, each optionally substituted with one or two of a C.sub.1-4 alkyl alkoxy ether group and/or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl carboxylester group and R.sub.2 represents a C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a C.sub.2-6 alkenyl or a C.sub.2-6 alkynyl group, each optionally substituted with a C.sub.1-4 alkyl alkoxy ether group, a carboxylic acid group or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl carboxylester group and compounds suitable in the process.

Described herein is a process for the preparation of a mixture of compounds of formula ##STR00001##
having a weight ratio of the cis-diastereomers to trans-diastereoisomers higher than 1:1, where R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.1-8 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-8 alkenyl group or a C.sub.2-8 alkynyl group, each optionally substituted with one or two of a C.sub.1-4 alkyl alkoxy ether group and/or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl carboxylester group and R.sub.2 represents a C.sub.1-6 alkyl, a C.sub.2-6 alkenyl or a C.sub.2-6 alkynyl group, each optionally substituted with a C.sub.1-4 alkyl alkoxy ether group, a carboxylic acid group or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl carboxylester group and compounds suitable in the process.

A novel method of producing 1-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene can include performing hydrogenation reduction of 1-bromo-2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene or 1-bromo-4-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene.

A novel method of producing 1-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene can include performing hydrogenation reduction of 1-bromo-2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene or 1-bromo-4-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)benzene.

The present invention provides a method for producing a hetero-type monodisperse polyethylene glycol, which includes a step (A) of carrying out a nucleophilic substitution reaction between a compound of the formula (2) and a compound of the formula (3) so as to satisfy the requirement of the expression (F1) to obtain a compound of the formula (4), a step (B) of carrying out the Michaels addition reaction of a compound of the formula (5) to the compound of the formula (4) at a temperature condition of 10° C. or lower to obtain a compound of the formula (6), a step (C) of detritylating or debenzylating the compound of the formula (6) to obtain a reaction product containing a compound of the formula (7), a step (D) of purifying the compound of formula (7) from the reaction product, a step (E) of reacting the compound of the formula (7) with phthalimide and performing dephthalimidation to obtain a compound of the formula (8), and a step (F) of subjecting the compound of formula (8) to an acid hydrolysis treatment to obtain a compound represented by the formula (1).

The present invention provides a method for producing a hetero-type monodisperse polyethylene glycol, which includes a step (A) of carrying out a nucleophilic substitution reaction between a compound of the formula (2) and a compound of the formula (3) so as to satisfy the requirement of the expression (F1) to obtain a compound of the formula (4), a step (B) of carrying out the Michaels addition reaction of a compound of the formula (5) to the compound of the formula (4) at a temperature condition of 10° C. or lower to obtain a compound of the formula (6), a step (C) of detritylating or debenzylating the compound of the formula (6) to obtain a reaction product containing a compound of the formula (7), a step (D) of purifying the compound of formula (7) from the reaction product, a step (E) of reacting the compound of the formula (7) with phthalimide and performing dephthalimidation to obtain a compound of the formula (8), and a step (F) of subjecting the compound of formula (8) to an acid hydrolysis treatment to obtain a compound represented by the formula (1).

This disclosure provides methods for the chemical modification of triglycerides that are highly enriched in specific fatty acids and subsequent use thereof for producing functionally versatile polymers.

This disclosure provides methods for the chemical modification of triglycerides that are highly enriched in specific fatty acids and subsequent use thereof for producing functionally versatile polymers.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.