Disclosed are an electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries including 10 to 50% by weight of a cyclic carbonate compound, and 50 to 90% by weight of a linear ester compound, based on the total weight of a non-aqueous solvent, wherein a content of ethyl propionate of the linear ester compound is 20 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous solvent, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte and exhibiting superior low-temperature characteristics.

Disclosed are an electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries including 10 to 50% by weight of a cyclic carbonate compound, and 50 to 90% by weight of a linear ester compound, based on the total weight of a non-aqueous solvent, wherein a content of ethyl propionate of the linear ester compound is 20 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous solvent, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte and exhibiting superior low-temperature characteristics.

Disclosed herein is an ophthalmic formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) wherein le is a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.33 alkyl or a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.33 alkenyl with 1 to 4 double bonds; R.sup.2 is a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.19 alkyl or a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.19 alkenyl with 1 to 4 double bonds; and an ophthalmologically acceptable carrier.

Disclosed herein is an ophthalmic formulation comprising a compound of formula (I) wherein le is a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.33 alkyl or a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.33 alkenyl with 1 to 4 double bonds; R.sup.2 is a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.19 alkyl or a linear or branched C.sub.9-C.sub.19 alkenyl with 1 to 4 double bonds; and an ophthalmologically acceptable carrier.

The invention provides, inter alia, fatty acyl hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA; a novel class of estolide-related molecules) and diagnostic and treatment methods for a variety of disorders—including diabetes-related disorders, Metabolic Syndrome, polycyctic ovarian syndrome, cancer, and inflammatory disorders—using them; as well as methods of screening for additional compounds that are useful in treating these disorders and/or that modulate FAHFA levels, FAHFA-mediated signaling, and FAHFA-mediated biological effects.

The invention provides, inter alia, fatty acyl hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA; a novel class of estolide-related molecules) and diagnostic and treatment methods for a variety of disorders—including diabetes-related disorders, Metabolic Syndrome, polycyctic ovarian syndrome, cancer, and inflammatory disorders—using them; as well as methods of screening for additional compounds that are useful in treating these disorders and/or that modulate FAHFA levels, FAHFA-mediated signaling, and FAHFA-mediated biological effects.

The present invention relates to compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein
R is O—R.sub.3 or ##STR00002##
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and are each independently H, (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, —CO—(C.sub.1-C.sub.21)alkyl or —CO—(C.sub.11-C.sub.21)alkenyl group, provided that at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 is H or (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl,
R.sub.3 is a —CO—(C.sub.11-C.sub.21)alkyl or —CO—(C.sub.11-C.sub.21)alkenyl group,
or its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, racemates, diastereoisomers, enantiomers, or mixtures thereof,
for use in prevention and/or treatment of a disease or disorder linked to an exacerbated vascular, lymphatic or mucosal permeability.

Disclosed are an electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries including 10 to 50% by weight of a cyclic carbonate compound, and 50 to 90% by weight of a linear ester compound, based on the total weight of a non-aqueous solvent, wherein a content of ethyl propionate of the linear ester compound is 20 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous solvent, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte and exhibiting superior low-temperature characteristics.

Disclosed are an electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries including 10 to 50% by weight of a cyclic carbonate compound, and 50 to 90% by weight of a linear ester compound, based on the total weight of a non-aqueous solvent, wherein a content of ethyl propionate of the linear ester compound is 20 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the non-aqueous solvent, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte and exhibiting superior low-temperature characteristics.

The disclosure relates to the field of specialty chemicals and methods for their synthesis. In embodiments, the disclosure provides novel multifunctional fatty acid derivative molecules such as e.g., fatty triols, fatty tetrols, dihydroxy fatty acids, etc. The disclosure further provides derivatives of the disclosed multifunctional molecules which are useful e.g., in the production of personal care products, surfactants, detergents, polymers, paints, coatings, and as emulsifiers, emollients, and thickeners in cosmetics and foods, as industrial solvents and plasticizers, etc. The disclosure further provides biochemical pathways, recombinant microorganisms and methods for the biological production of various multifunctional fatty acid derivatives.