Systems and methods for the production of malonate in recombinant host cells.

Disclosed is a block copolymer having a first polymer block including a first primary monomer that is a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound, wherein the first primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more, based on the total weight of the first polymer block, the first polymer block covalently bonded to a second polymer block including a second primary monomer different from the first primary monomer, wherein the second primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more, based on the total weight of the second polymer block. Also disclosed is a polymer comprising at least one monomer of a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound having a weight average molecular weight of about 3000 daltons or more, wherein the polymer is substantially free of a melting temperature and is substantially free of a glass transition temperature of about 15 C. or more.

The present teachings show that it is possible to polymerize 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion (for example using a water based carrier liquid), despite the possible reactions between the monomer and water. Polymerization of 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion provides opportunities to better control the polymerization compared with bulk polymerization. The emulsion polymerization techniques can be employed for preparing homopolymers, copolymers (e.g., random copolymers), and block copolymers.

The present disclosure relates to a method for making a dialkyl malonate ester, including a) acidifying a malonate composition comprising: at least 30 wt % based on malonic acid equivalents of a compound of formula I:

##STR00001## where M.sup.+ is a Group I alkali metal cation or ammonium cation. The malonate composition optionally includes: a compound of formula II:

##STR00002##

and/or malonic acid. Step a) comprises contacting an organic alcohol and an inorganic acid with the malonate composition to form a first acidified malonate composition comprising: a compound of formula IV:

##STR00003## a compound of formula V:

##STR00004##

and/or malonic acid. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl.

The present disclosure relates to a method for making a dialkyl malonate ester, including a) acidifying a malonate composition comprising: at least 30 wt % based on malonic acid equivalents of a compound of formula I:

##STR00001## where M.sup.+ is a Group I alkali metal cation or ammonium cation. The malonate composition optionally includes: a compound of formula II:

##STR00002##

and/or malonic acid. Step a) comprises contacting an organic alcohol and an inorganic acid with the malonate composition to form a first acidified malonate composition comprising: a compound of formula IV:

##STR00003## a compound of formula V:

##STR00004##

and/or malonic acid. R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alkyl.

This invention pertains to a curable composition comprising a first component having beta-ketoacetate and/or malonate functionalities and a second component having two or more aldehyde functionalities. The compositions can be cured at room temperature or low temperatures to yield crosslinked networks that are capable of providing desirable properties for coating and adhesive applications. The reactive functionalities of beta-ketoacetate, malonate, and aldehyde can be either on polymers as the main binders or on small molecules as the crosslinkers. The curable compositions desirably are either solventless or organic solvent based.

This invention pertains to a curable composition comprising a first component having beta-ketoacetate and/or malonate functionalities and a second component having two or more aldehyde functionalities. The compositions can be cured at room temperature or low temperatures to yield crosslinked networks that are capable of providing desirable properties for coating and adhesive applications. The reactive functionalities of beta-ketoacetate, malonate, and aldehyde can be either on polymers as the main binders or on small molecules as the crosslinkers. The curable compositions desirably are either solventless or organic solvent based.

Described herein are methods of oxidative coupling of aryl boron reagents with sp.sup.3-carbon nucleophiles, and ambient decarboxylative arylation of malonate half-esters via oxidative catalysis.

Described herein are methods of oxidative coupling of aryl boron reagents with sp.sup.3-carbon nucleophiles, and ambient decarboxylative arylation of malonate half-esters via oxidative catalysis.

Provided herein are flavor particles containing encapsulated precursors of acetylaldehyde. Also provided herein are methods of making and using the particles.