The present teachings show that it is possible to polymerize 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion (for example using a water based carrier liquid), despite the possible reactions between the monomer and water. Polymerization of 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds in an emulsion provides opportunities to better control the polymerization compared with bulk polymerization. The emulsion polymerization techniques can be employed for preparing homopolymers, copolymers (e.g., random copolymers), and block copolymers.

A neutral or cationic mononuclear ruthenium divalent complex represented by formula (1) can actualize exceptional catalytic activity in at least one reaction among a hydrosilylation reaction, hydrogenation reaction, and carbonyl compound reduction reaction.

##STR00001##

(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, aryl group, aralkyl group, organooxy group, monoorganoamino group, diorganoamino group, monoorganophosphino group, diorganophosphino group, monoorganosilyl group, diorganosilyl group, triorganosilyl group, or organothio group optionally substituted by X; at least one pair comprising any of R.sup.1-R.sup.3 and any of R.sup.4-R.sup.6 together represents a crosslinkable substituent; X represents a halogen atom, organooxy group, monoorganoamino group, diorganoamino group, or organothio group; L each independently represent a two-electron ligand other than CO and thiourea ligands; two L may bond to each other; and m represents an integer of 3 or 4.)

A neutral or cationic mononuclear ruthenium divalent complex represented by formula (1) can actualize exceptional catalytic activity in at least one reaction among a hydrosilylation reaction, hydrogenation reaction, and carbonyl compound reduction reaction.

##STR00001##

(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, aryl group, aralkyl group, organooxy group, monoorganoamino group, diorganoamino group, monoorganophosphino group, diorganophosphino group, monoorganosilyl group, diorganosilyl group, triorganosilyl group, or organothio group optionally substituted by X; at least one pair comprising any of R.sup.1-R.sup.3 and any of R.sup.4-R.sup.6 together represents a crosslinkable substituent; X represents a halogen atom, organooxy group, monoorganoamino group, diorganoamino group, or organothio group; L each independently represent a two-electron ligand other than CO and thiourea ligands; two L may bond to each other; and m represents an integer of 3 or 4.)

Disclosed are alicyclic aliphatic 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives of formula (I) possessing musk odor characteristics.

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001## or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof, wherein X, R.sup.1, and R.sup.2 are defined herein. Also provided herein are conjugated compositions comprising reacted units of a molecule (e.g., a protein) and a compound of formula (I), or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof.

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001## or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof, wherein X, R.sup.1, and R.sup.2 are defined herein. Also provided herein are conjugated compositions comprising reacted units of a molecule (e.g., a protein) and a compound of formula (I), or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof.

Provided herein is a process of ion exchange comprising malonic acid or a salt thereof and a cation or an anion cation exchange resin. The ion exchange is accomplished, e.g., and without limitation by continuous ion exchange. A valve and resin bed configuration is useful in this regard. The malonic acid separated by ion exchange is esterified, e.g., by Fisher esterification by using an acid and an alcohol.

Provided herein is a process of ion exchange comprising malonic acid or a salt thereof and a cation or an anion cation exchange resin. The ion exchange is accomplished, e.g., and without limitation by continuous ion exchange. A valve and resin bed configuration is useful in this regard. The malonic acid separated by ion exchange is esterified, e.g., by Fisher esterification by using an acid and an alcohol.

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I), ##STR00001##
or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof, wherein X, R.sup.1, and R.sup.2 are defined herein. Also provided herein are conjugated compositions comprising reacted units of a molecule (e.g., a protein) and a compound of formula (I), or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof.

Provided herein are compounds of formula (I), ##STR00001##
or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof, wherein X, R.sup.1, and R.sup.2 are defined herein. Also provided herein are conjugated compositions comprising reacted units of a molecule (e.g., a protein) and a compound of formula (I), or salt, stereoisomer, or deuterated form thereof.