A rigid foam or a composition allowing a rigid foam to be obtained, including a polyester polyol or a polymer including a polyester polyol, the polyester polyol being obtained by a first polycondensation (a) of a C3 to C8 sugar alcohol Z and two identical or different C4 to C36 diacids Y and Y′ and a second polycondensation (b) of the product obtained in (a) with two identical or different C2 to C12 diols X and X′.

The disclosure provides methods for deoxydehydration of sugar-based derivatives using hydrogen gas as a reducing agent.

The disclosure provides methods for deoxydehydration of sugar-based derivatives using hydrogen gas as a reducing agent.

[Problem] An ester compound having low viscosity, excellent fluidity even at low temperatures, and a high viscosity index; and a lubricating oil base oil containing said compound are provided. [Solution] The present invention provides an ester compound indicated by formula (I). Formula (I) (in formula (I), R.sub.1 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 35 carbon atoms and at least one hydrogen in the hydrocarbon group may be independently substituted with a group indicated by formula (II)). Formula (II) (in formula (II), R.sub.2 is a linear alkyl having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a branched alkyl having 3 to 30 carbon atoms.)

[Problem] An ester compound having low viscosity, excellent fluidity even at low temperatures, and a high viscosity index; and a lubricating oil base oil containing said compound are provided. [Solution] The present invention provides an ester compound indicated by formula (I). Formula (I) (in formula (I), R.sub.1 is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 35 carbon atoms and at least one hydrogen in the hydrocarbon group may be independently substituted with a group indicated by formula (II)). Formula (II) (in formula (II), R.sub.2 is a linear alkyl having 1 to 30 carbon atoms or a branched alkyl having 3 to 30 carbon atoms.)

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first repeat unit defined by

##STR00001##

where R includes a first hydrocarbon chain that includes at least one olefinic bond, R.sub.5 includes a second hydrocarbon chain, the second hydrocarbon chain may be saturated, and n may be between 2 and 1,000.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first repeat unit defined by

##STR00001##

where R includes a first hydrocarbon chain that includes at least one olefinic bond, R.sub.5 includes a second hydrocarbon chain, the second hydrocarbon chain may be saturated, and n may be between 2 and 1,000.

The present invention relates to a coalescing agent and a coating composition containing the coalescing agent as represented in structure (I); ##STR00001##
wherein; n is integer from 1 to 8; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl groups; and X represents group selected from hydroxy or amine. The coalescing agent according to this invention contains low amount of volatile organic compounds, has no pungent odour, and environmental friendly. Moreover, it provides good efficacy when being used as coating component.

The present invention relates to a coalescing agent and a coating composition containing the coalescing agent as represented in structure (I); ##STR00001##
wherein; n is integer from 1 to 8; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represents group selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, or benzyl groups; and X represents group selected from hydroxy or amine. The coalescing agent according to this invention contains low amount of volatile organic compounds, has no pungent odour, and environmental friendly. Moreover, it provides good efficacy when being used as coating component.

The present invention discloses a novel 3-aryl-2-propen-1-one series derivative and the synthesis processes thereof. Besides, the present invention also discloses the series derivative as a pharmaceutical composition and their use for promoting myocardial regeneration.