The disclosure relates to compositions containing 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds capable of preparing polymers having glass transition temperatures above room temperature. The present teaching also relates to polymers prepared 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds which exhibit glass transition temperatures of 60 C. The disclosure also relate to methods for enhancing the glass transition temperatures of polymers prepared from 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds.

The disclosure relates to compositions containing 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds capable of preparing polymers having glass transition temperatures above room temperature. The present teaching also relates to polymers prepared 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds which exhibit glass transition temperatures of 60 C. The disclosure also relate to methods for enhancing the glass transition temperatures of polymers prepared from 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of using a catalytic system to chemically transform a compound (e.g., a hydrocarbon). In an embodiment, the method does not employ grafting the catalyst prior to catalysis. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a process of hydrocarbon (e.g., C1 to C20 hydrocarbon) metathesis (e.g., alkane, olefin, or alkyne metathesis) transformation, where the process can be conducted without employing grafting prior to catalysis.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of using a catalytic system to chemically transform a compound (e.g., a hydrocarbon). In an embodiment, the method does not employ grafting the catalyst prior to catalysis. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a process of hydrocarbon (e.g., C1 to C20 hydrocarbon) metathesis (e.g., alkane, olefin, or alkyne metathesis) transformation, where the process can be conducted without employing grafting prior to catalysis.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of using a catalytic system to chemically transform a compound (e.g., a hydrocarbon). In an embodiment, the method does not employ grafting the catalyst prior to catalysis. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a process of hydrocarbon (e.g., C1 to C20 hydrocarbon) metathesis (e.g., alkane, olefin, or alkyne metathesis) transformation, where the process can be conducted without employing grafting prior to catalysis.

A resist composition including a resin component having a structural unit derived form a compound represented by formula (a0-1) (in the formula, W represents a polymerizable group-containing group; Ra.sup.01 is a group which is bonded to Ra.sup.03 to form an aliphatic cyclic group, or bonded to Ra.sup.04 to form an aliphatic cyclic group;

Ra.sup.02 represents a hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent; Ra.sup.03 is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group in the case where Ra.sup.01 is not bonded thereto; Ra.sup.04 is a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group in the case where Ra.sup.01 is not bonded thereto; and Ra.sup.05 to Ra.sup.07 each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group).

##STR00001##

The disclosure provides Group 6 complexes, which, in some embodiments, are useful for catalyzing olefin metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the compounds are compounds of the following formula:

##STR00001##

wherein: M is a Group 6 metal atom; X is an oxygen atom, NR.sup.5, NN(R.sup.5)(R.sup.5) or NOR.sup.5, R.sup.5 and R.sup.5 independently being various substituents, such as aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.z is a neutral ligand; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an organic substituent; R.sup.2 is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted; R.sup.3 is an anionic ligand; and R.sup.4 is an anionic ligand, such as a pyrrolide, a pyrazolide, an imidazolide, an indolide, an azaindolide, or an indazolide, each optionally substituted.

The disclosure provides Group 6 complexes, which, in some embodiments, are useful for catalyzing olefin metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the compounds are compounds of the following formula:

##STR00001##

wherein: M is a Group 6 metal atom; X is an oxygen atom, NR.sup.5, NN(R.sup.5)(R.sup.5) or NOR.sup.5, R.sup.5 and R.sup.5 independently being various substituents, such as aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.z is a neutral ligand; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an organic substituent; R.sup.2 is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted; R.sup.3 is an anionic ligand; and R.sup.4 is an anionic ligand, such as a pyrrolide, a pyrazolide, an imidazolide, an indolide, an azaindolide, or an indazolide, each optionally substituted.

A method for producing a compound represented by the following Formula (II), the method comprising a step of subjecting a compound represented by the following Formula (I) to heat treatment in the presence of an organic sulfonic acid and an inorganic oxide solid to obtain the compound represented by the following Formula (II), wherein a Hammett acidity function of the inorganic oxide solid is more than ?12.0:

##STR00001##

wherein R each independently represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an aryl group,

##STR00002##

wherein R has the same meaning as R in Formula (I).

Subject of the invention is a process for producing a biofuel from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, comprising the steps of: (a) ethenolysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of ethylene and an ethenolysis catalyst, and (b) isomerizing metathesis in the presence of an isomerization catalyst and a metathesis catalyst. The invention also relates to biofuels obtainable by the inventive process and to uses of ethylene for adjusting and optimizing biofuels.