The disclosure provides Group 6 complexes, which, in some embodiments, are useful for catalyzing olefin metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the compounds are compounds of the following formula: ##STR00001##
wherein: M is a Group 6 metal atom; X is an oxygen atom, ═N—R.sup.5, ═N—N(R.sup.5)(R.sup.5′) or ═N—O—R.sup.5, R.sup.5 and R.sup.5′ independently being various substituents, such as aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.z is a neutral ligand; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an organic substituent; R.sup.2 is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted; R.sup.3 is an anionic ligand; and R.sup.4 is an anionic ligand, such as a pyrrolide, a pyrazolide, an imidazolide, an indolide, an azaindolide, or an indazolide, each optionally substituted.

The disclosure provides Group 6 complexes, which, in some embodiments, are useful for catalyzing olefin metathesis reactions. In some embodiments, the compounds are compounds of the following formula: ##STR00001##
wherein: M is a Group 6 metal atom; X is an oxygen atom, ═N—R.sup.5, ═N—N(R.sup.5)(R.sup.5′) or ═N—O—R.sup.5, R.sup.5 and R.sup.5′ independently being various substituents, such as aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted; n is 0 or 1; R.sup.z is a neutral ligand; R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an organic substituent; R.sup.2 is an aryl or heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted; R.sup.3 is an anionic ligand; and R.sup.4 is an anionic ligand, such as a pyrrolide, a pyrazolide, an imidazolide, an indolide, an azaindolide, or an indazolide, each optionally substituted.

A method of recovering an organic acid from an aqueous solution may include extracting the organic acid dissolved in the aqueous solution into a water immiscible extraction phase. The water immiscible extraction phase has an extractant for the organic acid. The method may also include separating the extraction phase from the aqueous solution, adding an alcohol to the extraction phase separated from the aqueous solution, and forming an ester from the organic acid and the alcohol.

A method of recovering an organic acid from an aqueous solution may include extracting the organic acid dissolved in the aqueous solution into a water immiscible extraction phase. The water immiscible extraction phase has an extractant for the organic acid. The method may also include separating the extraction phase from the aqueous solution, adding an alcohol to the extraction phase separated from the aqueous solution, and forming an ester from the organic acid and the alcohol.

Provided is a curing agent containing a diester compound represented by the following Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein in Formula (I), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded together to form a divalent hydrocarbon group having 3 to 15 carbon atoms; and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represent a monovalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are bonded together to form a divalent organic group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms.

Provided is a curing agent containing a diester compound represented by the following Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein in Formula (I), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded together to form a divalent hydrocarbon group having 3 to 15 carbon atoms; and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 each independently represent a monovalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are bonded together to form a divalent organic group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms.

Methods for preparation of olefins, including 8- and 11-unsaturated monoenes and polyenes, via transition metathesis-based synthetic routes are described. Metathesis reactions in the methods are catalyzed by transition metal catalysts including tungsten-, molybdenum-, and ruthenium-based catalysts. The olefins include insect pheromones useful in a number of agricultural applications.

Methods for preparation of olefins, including 8- and 11-unsaturated monoenes and polyenes, via transition metathesis-based synthetic routes are described. Metathesis reactions in the methods are catalyzed by transition metal catalysts including tungsten-, molybdenum-, and ruthenium-based catalysts. The olefins include insect pheromones useful in a number of agricultural applications.

Disclosed are methods or processes of synthesizing building blocks and feedstocks for producing a broader range of polymers, including renewable polymers, from renewable resources such as CO.sub.2. In a process of manufacturing a renewable feedstock for polymer production, a CO.sub.2 derived lactone is prepared and processed to form the renewable feedstock. The process may include alkoxycarbonylation of the CO.sub.2 derived lactone to form a diester and hydrogenation of the diester.

Disclosed are methods or processes of synthesizing building blocks and feedstocks for producing a broader range of polymers, including renewable polymers, from renewable resources such as CO.sub.2. In a process of manufacturing a renewable feedstock for polymer production, a CO.sub.2 derived lactone is prepared and processed to form the renewable feedstock. The process may include alkoxycarbonylation of the CO.sub.2 derived lactone to form a diester and hydrogenation of the diester.