A method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer for use in making oligomers and polymers that can be used to improve surface properties of polymer-derived systems, such as coatings. The method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer includes reacting at least one fluorinated nucleophilic reactant, such as a fluorinated alcohol, with at least one compound containing at least one epoxide group. Other methods include reaction of a fluorinated alcohol with a cyclic carboxylic anhydride. In another embodiment, a method includes reacting a fluorinated mesylate, tosylate or triflate with an amine, alkoxide or phenoxide. In other embodiments, the method includes reacting a fluorinated alcohol with an alkyl halide, or reacting a fluorinated alkyl halide with an amine. The functionalized fluorinated monomers may be used as intermediates and reacted to modify the functional groups thereon. Further, the functionalized fluorinated monomers may be reacted to form polymers or oligomers, or with polymers or oligomers having functional groups to modify the polymer or oligomer through the functional group thereon.

A method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer for use in making oligomers and polymers that can be used to improve surface properties of polymer-derived systems, such as coatings. The method of making a functionalized fluorinated monomer includes reacting at least one fluorinated nucleophilic reactant, such as a fluorinated alcohol, with at least one compound containing at least one epoxide group. Other methods include reaction of a fluorinated alcohol with a cyclic carboxylic anhydride. In another embodiment, a method includes reacting a fluorinated mesylate, tosylate or triflate with an amine, alkoxide or phenoxide. In other embodiments, the method includes reacting a fluorinated alcohol with an alkyl halide, or reacting a fluorinated alkyl halide with an amine. The functionalized fluorinated monomers may be used as intermediates and reacted to modify the functional groups thereon. Further, the functionalized fluorinated monomers may be reacted to form polymers or oligomers, or with polymers or oligomers having functional groups to modify the polymer or oligomer through the functional group thereon.

A compound of formula (I): wherein W is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; X is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; Y is independently selected from the group consisting of F, CI, Br, and I; Z is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; n is an integer from 1 to 8; and n′ is an integer from 1 to 12.

##STR00001##

A compound of formula (I): wherein W is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; X is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; Y is independently selected from the group consisting of F, CI, Br, and I; Z is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, CI, Br, and I; n is an integer from 1 to 8; and n′ is an integer from 1 to 12.

##STR00001##

A method for esterification of one or more carboxylic acid groups in a compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups wherein the esterification reagent is a diazo-compound of formula:

##STR00001##

wherein the R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 groups of the diazo compound are selected such that the corresponding organic compound of formula:

##STR00002##

exhibits a —C—H pKa value between 18 and 29 as measured in DMSO. Specific reagents and methods for esterification are provided. The esterification reagents provided exhibit high selectivity for esterification of carboxylic acid groups over reaction with amine, alcohol or thiol groups in the compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups. The method can be used to selectively esterify carboxylic acid groups in peptides or proteins.

A method for esterification of one or more carboxylic acid groups in a compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups wherein the esterification reagent is a diazo-compound of formula:

##STR00001##

wherein the R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 groups of the diazo compound are selected such that the corresponding organic compound of formula:

##STR00002##

exhibits a —C—H pKa value between 18 and 29 as measured in DMSO. Specific reagents and methods for esterification are provided. The esterification reagents provided exhibit high selectivity for esterification of carboxylic acid groups over reaction with amine, alcohol or thiol groups in the compound containing one or more carboxylic acid groups. The method can be used to selectively esterify carboxylic acid groups in peptides or proteins.

A living radical polymerization initiator represented by the following:

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sup.1 represents an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, an alkylsulfonyl, an aryl sulfonyl or combinations thereof; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are a hydrogen, an aliphatic, an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, a carboxy, an alkylsulfonyl or an aryl sulfonyl; X and Y are a halogen; m and n are an integer of 1 or more, and

##STR00002## are non-symmetrical so that X and Y have different reactivities to initiate a living radical polymerization.

A living radical polymerization initiator represented by the following:

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sup.1 represents an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, an alkylsulfonyl, an aryl sulfonyl or combinations thereof; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are a hydrogen, an aliphatic, an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, a carboxy, an alkylsulfonyl or an aryl sulfonyl; X and Y are a halogen; m and n are an integer of 1 or more, and

##STR00002## are non-symmetrical so that X and Y have different reactivities to initiate a living radical polymerization.

A living radical polymerization initiator represented by the following:

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sup.1 represents an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, an alkylsulfonyl, an aryl sulfonyl or combinations thereof; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are a hydrogen, an aliphatic, an aromatic, an alkylcarbonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an aminocarbonyl, an alkylaminocarbonyl, a dialkylaminocarbonyl, an arylcarbonyl, a carboxy, an alkylsulfonyl or an aryl sulfonyl; X and Y are a halogen; m and n are an integer of 1 or more, and

##STR00002## are non-symmetrical so that X and Y have different reactivities to initiate a living radical polymerization.

A description is given of a process for preparing 1-indanols and 1-indanamines by palladium-catalyzed arylation and of the use thereof as intermediates for the synthesis of fine chemicals and of active agrochemical ingredients.