Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Novel Styryl Carboxylate derivatives are provided which exhibit activity for the treatment of immunological diseases, inflammation, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, neurological diseases, and diabetes.

The multifunctional compound is represented by formula X—C(R)RF—Y, in which X and Y are each independently —C(O)—O-M, —C(O)-HAL, —C(O)—NR.sup.1.sub.2, —C≡N, —C(O)NR.sup.1—SO.sub.2—R.sub.f.sup.1-W, or a fluorinated alkenyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. HAL is —F, —Cl, or —Br. R.sub.f.sup.1 is a fluorinated alkylene group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. W is —F, —SO.sub.2Z, —CF═CF.sub.2, —O—CF═CF.sub.2, or —O—CF.sub.2—CF═CF.sub.2. Z is —F, —Cl, —NR.sup.1.sub.2, or —OM. Each R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having up to four carbon atoms. M is an alkyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a hydrogen atom, a metallic cation, or a quaternary ammonium cation. R is a bromine, chloride, fluorine or hydrogen atom; and RF is a fluorinated alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one chlorine atom, aryl group, or a combination thereof or RF is a fluorinated alkyl group or arylalkylenyl group that is substituted by bromine or iodine and uninterrupted or interrupted by at least one —O— group. A process for making the compound is also disclosed. A fluoropolymer made from the compound and a method of making the fluoropolymer are also disclosed.

The multifunctional compound is represented by formula X—C(R)RF—Y, in which X and Y are each independently —C(O)—O-M, —C(O)-HAL, —C(O)—NR.sup.1.sub.2, —C≡N, —C(O)NR.sup.1—SO.sub.2—R.sub.f.sup.1-W, or a fluorinated alkenyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. HAL is —F, —Cl, or —Br. R.sub.f.sup.1 is a fluorinated alkylene group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. W is —F, —SO.sub.2Z, —CF═CF.sub.2, —O—CF═CF.sub.2, or —O—CF.sub.2—CF═CF.sub.2. Z is —F, —Cl, —NR.sup.1.sub.2, or —OM. Each R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having up to four carbon atoms. M is an alkyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a hydrogen atom, a metallic cation, or a quaternary ammonium cation. R is a bromine, chloride, fluorine or hydrogen atom; and RF is a fluorinated alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one chlorine atom, aryl group, or a combination thereof or RF is a fluorinated alkyl group or arylalkylenyl group that is substituted by bromine or iodine and uninterrupted or interrupted by at least one —O— group. A process for making the compound is also disclosed. A fluoropolymer made from the compound and a method of making the fluoropolymer are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for metathesizing a first alkenyl or alkynyl group with a second alkenyl or alkynyl group, the composition comprising a ruthenium metathesis catalyst and a photoredox catalyst that is activated by visible light.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for metathesizing a first alkenyl or alkynyl group with a second alkenyl or alkynyl group, the composition comprising a ruthenium metathesis catalyst and a photoredox catalyst that is activated by visible light.

Disclosed herein are processes for preparing certain intermediates useful in the synthesis of 3-fluoro-5-(((1S,2aR)-1,3,3,4,4-pentafluoro-2a-hydroxy-2,2a,3,4-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]inden-7-yl)oxy)benzonitrile or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.