An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a fluorine-containing methylene compound. The above object can be achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group, R.sup.A represents hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.4a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.4b represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5b represents hydrogen or an organic group, and R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2 is optionally connected to R.sup.4a to form a ring; the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein X.sup.1 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, with a compound represented by formula (3):

##STR00003##

wherein X.sup.2 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of a reducing agent as desired, under light irradiation.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a fluorine-containing methylene compound. The above object can be achieved by a method for producing a compound represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 represents an organic group, R.sup.A represents hydrogen or fluorine, R.sup.4a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.4b represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5a represents hydrogen or an organic group, R.sup.5b represents hydrogen or an organic group, and R.sup.2 represents hydrogen or an organic group; R.sup.2 is optionally connected to R.sup.4a to form a ring; the method comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein X.sup.1 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, with a compound represented by formula (3):

##STR00003##

wherein X.sup.2 represents a leaving group, and other symbols are as defined above, in the presence of a reducing agent as desired, under light irradiation.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) and to their use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response:

##STR00001## wherein A, L, R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, R.sup.C and R.sup.D are as defined herein.

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) and to their use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response:

##STR00001## wherein A, L, R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, R.sup.C and R.sup.D are as defined herein.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

The present invention relates to a novel and improved process for preparing (3S)-3-(4-chloro-3-{[(2S,3R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbutanoyl]amino}phenyl)-3-cyclopropylpropanoic acid of the formula (I), to the compound of the formula (I) in crystalline form and to their use for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, in particular for the treatment and/or prevention of cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary and cardiorenal disorders.

An onium salt having formula (1) serving as an acid diffusion inhibitor and a chemically amplified resist composition comprising the acid diffusion inhibitor are provided. When processed by lithography, the resist composition exhibits a high sensitivity, and excellent lithography performance factors such as CDU and LWR.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides compounds, compositions, and methods for preparing alkenyl halides and/or haloalkyl-substituted olefins with Z-selectivity. The methods are particularly useful for preparing alkenyl fluorides such as CF.sub.3-substituted olefins by means of cross-metathesis reactions using halogen-containing molybdenum and tungsten complexes.

The present disclosure provides compounds, compositions, and methods for preparing alkenyl halides and/or haloalkyl-substituted olefins with Z-selectivity. The methods are particularly useful for preparing alkenyl fluorides such as CF.sub.3-substituted olefins by means of cross-metathesis reactions using halogen-containing molybdenum and tungsten complexes.

The present invention provides a method for industrially producing: a pyrimidine compound having pest control efficacy; 2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylamine which is a production intermediate of the pyrimidine compound; a phenylethylamine compound useful as a pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediate; and further a 3-arylpropionamide compound and a 3-arylpropionic acid ester compound useful as production intermediates of the phenylethylamine compound. The 3-arylpropionamide compound or the 3-arylpropionic acid ester compound can be efficiently and industrially produced in a single step by reacting a compound represented by formula (1) ##STR00001##
(wherein X represents a chlorine atom or a bromine atom; and Y represents an alkyl group optionally substituted with fluorine atom(s), a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a cyano group, an alkylcarbonyl group, a dialkylamino group, or the like) with acrylamide or an acrylic acid ester in the presence of a metal catalyst and a reducing agent.