This invention relates to a process for the synthesis of a non-racemic cyclohexene compound of formula (I) by a Diels-Alder reaction of a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 and Y have the meanings as defined in the description in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one m-valent metal cation M.sup.m+ wherein the metal M is selected from Scandium (Sc), Yttrium (Y), Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium 15 (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), Lutetium (Lu), Gallium (Ga) and Indium (In), and m is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and a chiral ligand of the formula (IV) wherein R.sup.10a, R.sup.10b, R.sup.10c, R.sup.10d, R.sup.10a′, R.sup.10b′, R.sup.10c′, R.sup.10d′, Z and Z′ have the meanings as defined in the description.

The present invention relates inter alia to a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, are as defined in the specification and to compositions comprising the same and to the use of the compounds and to compositions of the compounds in treatment, for example in the treatment of fibrotic diseases or interstitial lung diseases, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The present invention relates inter alia to a compound of formula (I) ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, are as defined in the specification and to compositions comprising the same and to the use of the compounds and to compositions of the compounds in treatment, for example in the treatment of fibrotic diseases or interstitial lung diseases, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The invention provides a method for producing a dichloro addition product of an aliphatic olefin by photocatalysis under visible light. The method includes reacting an aliphatic olefin as a substrate with hydrochloric acid as a chlorine source in an organic solvent under visible light irradiation in the presence of copper chloride with visible light absorption ability as a catalyst, to obtain the dichloro addition product of the aliphatic olefin, wherein the reaction is carried out under an oxygen-containing atmosphere, the aliphatic olefin comprises a carbon-carbon double bond and a C9-C15 aliphatic chain connected to the carbon-carbon double bond by a covalent bond. In the invention, visible light is used to provide the energy and a transition metal chloride with visible light absorption ability is used to undergo light-induced electron transfer from chloride with a reaction substrate, thereby initiating an addition reaction to obtain a dichloro addition product.

The invention provides a method for producing a dichloro addition product of an aliphatic olefin by photocatalysis under visible light. The method includes reacting an aliphatic olefin as a substrate with hydrochloric acid as a chlorine source in an organic solvent under visible light irradiation in the presence of copper chloride with visible light absorption ability as a catalyst, to obtain the dichloro addition product of the aliphatic olefin, wherein the reaction is carried out under an oxygen-containing atmosphere, the aliphatic olefin comprises a carbon-carbon double bond and a C9-C15 aliphatic chain connected to the carbon-carbon double bond by a covalent bond. In the invention, visible light is used to provide the energy and a transition metal chloride with visible light absorption ability is used to undergo light-induced electron transfer from chloride with a reaction substrate, thereby initiating an addition reaction to obtain a dichloro addition product.

The disclosure is directed to cocrystals of fasoracetam, including R-fasoracetam, and various coformers. Crystalline materials comprising fasoracetam, including R-fasoracetam, are also provided. The disclosure further includes pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of the cocrystals and crystalline materials of the disclosure.

A process for preparing a nitrated compound, including the step of reacting a compound (A) including at least one substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, wherein the heteroaromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, selenium and nitrogen, with a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and nitro.

A process for preparing a nitrated compound, including the step of reacting a compound (A) including at least one substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, wherein the heteroaromatic ring includes at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, selenium and nitrogen, with a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and nitro.

The present invention relates to new profluorophores and conjugates thereof and their use for the detection of target molecule in a sample, in particular nucleic acid target molecules. The invention relates to new profluorophores and new fluorophores and methods of use thereof particularly useful in the fields of diagnostics and quality control.

The present invention relates to new profluorophores and conjugates thereof and their use for the detection of target molecule in a sample, in particular nucleic acid target molecules. The invention relates to new profluorophores and new fluorophores and methods of use thereof particularly useful in the fields of diagnostics and quality control.