A device is described herein for priming and stimulating a fluid that enters a nozzle such that when the fluid experiences a phase change from liquid to gas, said phase change releases energy latent within molecules or atoms of any of the interior surface of the nozzle and the fluid, producing an energy release, thereby enabling that phase-changed gas to be used to generate energy using well-known techniques in the prior art.

Provided are an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte further includes a solid salt as an additive, wherein the solid salt contains one type of cation selected from ammonium-based cations and a thiocyanate anion (SCN.sup.−). According an embodiment, the lithium secondary battery may have improved life characteristics by providing the electrolyte containing the additive.

The invention relates to a method for treating emergency spill or leak of halogen which is bromine or chlorine, comprising contacting an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium halide with the halogen.

The invention relates to a method for treating emergency spill or leak of halogen which is bromine or chlorine, comprising contacting an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium halide with the halogen.

Provided are an electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and further quaternary ammonium hexafluorophosphate as a solid salt.

An ammonium salt having a saccharin anion, which is represented by formula (1), exhibits excellent thermal stability even though no halogen atom is contained therein. ##STR00001##
(In the formula, each of R.sup.1-R.sup.4 independently represents an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms or an alkoxyalkyl group that is represented by —(CH.sub.2).sub.n—OR (wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 or 2). Incidentally, any two of the R.sup.1-R.sup.4 may combine with each other to form a ring together with a nitrogen atom.

An ammonium salt having a saccharin anion, which is represented by formula (1), exhibits excellent thermal stability even though no halogen atom is contained therein. ##STR00001##
(In the formula, each of R.sup.1-R.sup.4 independently represents an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms or an alkoxyalkyl group that is represented by —(CH.sub.2).sub.n—OR (wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 or 2). Incidentally, any two of the R.sup.1-R.sup.4 may combine with each other to form a ring together with a nitrogen atom.

Compositions containing quaternary compounds in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by at least one alkyl group having at least 12 carbon atoms, and the composition includes at least 20% in weight by weight of the total composition, of ammonium halides in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by at least one alkyl group having at least 14 carbon atoms and more than 5%, preferably more than 7% in weight by weight of the total composition, of ammonium halides in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by at least one alkyl group having at least 16 carbon atoms. Also, ophthalmic oil-in-water emulsions containing such compositions, the ophthalmic emulsions being useful for eye care or for the treatment of eye conditions.

A compound may be useful as a co-catalyst for polymerizing olefin, diene, and acetylene. A fluorine-containing alkylammonium borate compound of formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, may be highly active and useful as a co-catalyst used for the polymerization reactions of olefin, diene, and acetylene, compositions containing same. Production methods of such a fluorine-containing alkylammonium borate compound are also provided.

A compound may be useful as a co-catalyst for polymerizing olefin, diene, and acetylene. A fluorine-containing alkylammonium borate compound of formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, may be highly active and useful as a co-catalyst used for the polymerization reactions of olefin, diene, and acetylene, compositions containing same. Production methods of such a fluorine-containing alkylammonium borate compound are also provided.