The present invention is directed to a method of producing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The method includes subjecting a reaction mixture with an API precursor to solvent extraction to produce a reactant stream with the API precursor. The method includes concentrating the API precursor in the reactant stream using at least one membrane. The method includes carrying out a reaction in a membrane reactor. The method includes separating the API precursor from the reaction stream using a separator. The method includes crystallizing the API precursor using a crystallizer to produce APIs.

Phenoxy acetic acids and phenyl propionic acids and their use in improving mitochondrial energy output in a subject are provided herein. The present compounds are activators of PPAR and may be useful for treating conditions mediated by the same.

Phenoxy acetic acids and phenyl propionic acids and their use in improving mitochondrial energy output in a subject are provided herein. The present compounds are activators of PPAR and may be useful for treating conditions mediated by the same.

Disclosed herein are secondary amine compounds that inhibit tRNA synthetase. The compounds of the invention are useful in inhibiting tRNA synthetase in Gram-negative bacteria and are useful in killing Gram-negative bacteria. The secondary amine compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

The present invention relates to compounds and their use in the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of pulmonary fibrosis and/or related conditions.

The present invention relates to compounds and their use in the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of pulmonary fibrosis and/or related conditions.

Described herein are labeling agents, specifically [.sup.11C]fluoroform, [.sup.11C]difluoromethane, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.18]fluoroform, [.sup.18F]difluoromethane, [.sup.18F]difluoromethyl bromide or [.sup.18F]trifluoromethyl bromide. Also included are methods of labeling precursors to provide labeled fluoroalkanes and imaging methods.

Described herein are labeling agents, specifically [.sup.11C]fluoroform, [.sup.11C]difluoromethane, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]fluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]difluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl iodide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl bromide, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl chloride, [.sup.11C]trifluoromethyl trifluoromethansulfonate, [.sup.18]fluoroform, [.sup.18F]difluoromethane, [.sup.18F]difluoromethyl bromide or [.sup.18F]trifluoromethyl bromide. Also included are methods of labeling precursors to provide labeled fluoroalkanes and imaging methods.