The present invention provides a compound having the structure: (structurally represented) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are each independently H, halogen, CF3 or C1-C4 alkyl; R6 is alkyl; A is absent or present, and when present is C(O) or C(O)NH; B is substituted or unsubstituted monocycle, bicycle, heteromonocycle, heterobicycle, benzyl, CO2H or (C1-C4 alkyl)-CO2H, wherein when B is CO2H, then A is present and is C(O), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention provides oxalic amide ligands and uses thereof in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of a compound represented by formula I, wherein definitions of each group are described in the specification. The compound represented by formula I can be used as a ligand in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides for the formation of CN, CO and CS bonds.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides oxalic amide ligands and uses thereof in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides. Specifically, the present invention provides a use of a compound represented by formula I, wherein definitions of each group are described in the specification. The compound represented by formula I can be used as a ligand in copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides for the formation of CN, CO and CS bonds.

##STR00001##

In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds having the formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1-R.sup.5 and X are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These compounds have neprilysin inhibition activity. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of using such compounds; and processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds.

In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds having the formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1-R.sup.5 and X are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These compounds have neprilysin inhibition activity. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds; methods of using such compounds; and processes and intermediates for preparing such compounds.

A stem cell removing method that certainly-removes an undifferentiated stem cell is provided. For this object, a cell group including a stem cell and a somatic cell performed differentiation induction is cultivated in culture medium composition including photosensitizer. Light of a specific wavelength is irradiated with the cell group, and the stem cell is removed, selectively. The stem cell is a pluripotent stem cell or a somatic stem cell. The pluripotent stem cell includes either an ES cell (Embryonic Stem Cell) or an iPS cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell). Also, somatic stem cell includes any one of a germ stem cell, a productive cell, a pluripotent stem cell and a stem cell having unipotency.

A stem cell removing method that certainly-removes an undifferentiated stem cell is provided. For this object, a cell group including a stem cell and a somatic cell performed differentiation induction is cultivated in culture medium composition including photosensitizer. Light of a specific wavelength is irradiated with the cell group, and the stem cell is removed, selectively. The stem cell is a pluripotent stem cell or a somatic stem cell. The pluripotent stem cell includes either an ES cell (Embryonic Stem Cell) or an iPS cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell). Also, somatic stem cell includes any one of a germ stem cell, a productive cell, a pluripotent stem cell and a stem cell having unipotency.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein U, J, V, X, R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.5 and t are as described herein. The present invention relates generally to inhibitors of histone deacetylase and to methods of making and using them. These compounds are useful for promoting cognitive function and enhancing learning and memory formation. In addition, these compounds are useful for treating, alleviating, and/or preventing various conditions, including for example, neurological disorders, memory and cognitive function disorders/impairments, extinction learning disorders, fungal diseases and infections, inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, and neoplastic diseases in humans and animals.

The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or prodrug thereof, wherein U, J, V, X, R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.5 and t are as described herein. The present invention relates generally to inhibitors of histone deacetylase and to methods of making and using them. These compounds are useful for promoting cognitive function and enhancing learning and memory formation. In addition, these compounds are useful for treating, alleviating, and/or preventing various conditions, including for example, neurological disorders, memory and cognitive function disorders/impairments, extinction learning disorders, fungal diseases and infections, inflammatory diseases, hematological diseases, and neoplastic diseases in humans and animals.

The present invention provides a compound having the structure: (structurally represented) wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are each independently H, halogen, CF3 or C1-C4 alkyl; R6 is alkyl; A is absent or present, and when present is C(O) or C(O)NH; B is substituted or unsubstituted monocycle, bicycle, heteromonocycle, heterobicycle, benzyl, CO2H or (C1-C4 alkyl)-CO2H, wherein when B is CO2H, then A is present and is C(O), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.