The present invention is an onium salt represented by the following general formula (1), where n1 represents an integer of 0 or 1; n2 represents an integer of 0 to 3; R.sup.1a represents a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; n3 represents an integer of 0 to 3; R.sup.1b represents a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 36 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; X.sup.A represents a carbonyl group that forms an amide bond together with an adjacent NH or represents a sulfonyl group that forms a sulfonamide bond together with the adjacent NH; n4 represents an integer of 1 or 2; and Z.sup.+ represents an onium cation. This provides: a resist composition in lithography that has high sensitivity and excellent resolution, can improve LWR and CDU, and can also suppress collapse of a resist pattern; and a novel onium salt to be used in the resist composition.

##STR00001##

The present invention is an onium salt represented by the following general formula (1), where n1 represents an integer of 0 or 1; n2 represents an integer of 0 to 3; R.sup.1a represents a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; n3 represents an integer of 0 to 3; R.sup.1b represents a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 36 carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom; X.sup.A represents a carbonyl group that forms an amide bond together with an adjacent NH or represents a sulfonyl group that forms a sulfonamide bond together with the adjacent NH; n4 represents an integer of 1 or 2; and Z.sup.+ represents an onium cation. This provides: a resist composition in lithography that has high sensitivity and excellent resolution, can improve LWR and CDU, and can also suppress collapse of a resist pattern; and a novel onium salt to be used in the resist composition.

##STR00001##

This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such molecules and compositions against such pests. These molecules and compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (Formula One). ##STR00001##

This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such molecules and compositions against such pests. These molecules and compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (Formula One). ##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process of producing a trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluoromethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure:

##STR00001##

wherein
A is an aryl or heteroaryl, each with or without subsutitution; and
R.sub.1 is H, -(alkyl), -(alkenyl), -(alkynyl), -(aryl), -(heteroaryl), -(alkylaryl), -(alkylheteroaryl), NH-(alkyl), N(alkyl).sub.2, NH-(alkenyl), NH-(alkynyl) NH-(aryl), NH-(heteroaryl), O-(alkyl), O-(alkenyl), O-(alkynyl), O-(aryl), O-(heteroaryl); S-(alkyl), S-(alkenyl), S-(alkynyl), S-(aryl), or S-(heteroaryl), comprising:
(a) reacting a compound having the structure:

##STR00002##

with a trifluoromethylating agent in the presence of a base in a first suitable solvent under conditions to produce a compound having the structure:

##STR00003##

and
(b) maintaining the compound produced in step (a) in a second suitable solvent under conditions sufficient to produce the trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluormethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure:

##STR00004##

The present invention provides a process of producing a trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluoromethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure:

##STR00001##

wherein
A is an aryl or heteroaryl, each with or without subsutitution; and
R.sub.1 is H, -(alkyl), -(alkenyl), -(alkynyl), -(aryl), -(heteroaryl), -(alkylaryl), -(alkylheteroaryl), NH-(alkyl), N(alkyl).sub.2, NH-(alkenyl), NH-(alkynyl) NH-(aryl), NH-(heteroaryl), O-(alkyl), O-(alkenyl), O-(alkynyl), O-(aryl), O-(heteroaryl); S-(alkyl), S-(alkenyl), S-(alkynyl), S-(aryl), or S-(heteroaryl), comprising:
(a) reacting a compound having the structure:

##STR00002##

with a trifluoromethylating agent in the presence of a base in a first suitable solvent under conditions to produce a compound having the structure:

##STR00003##

and
(b) maintaining the compound produced in step (a) in a second suitable solvent under conditions sufficient to produce the trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluormethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure:

##STR00004##

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): wherein variables X, Y, Z and R1 are as described herein. Some of the compounds described herein are glutamate dehydrogenase activators. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, uses of these compounds and compositions in the treatment of metabolic disorders as well as synthesis of the compounds.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): wherein variables X, Y, Z and R1 are as described herein. Some of the compounds described herein are glutamate dehydrogenase activators. The invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, uses of these compounds and compositions in the treatment of metabolic disorders as well as synthesis of the compounds.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a process of producing a trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluoromethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00001##
wherein
A is an aryl or heteroaryl, each with or without subsutitution; and
R.sub.1 is H, -(alkyl), -(alkenyl), -(alkynyl), -(aryl), -(heteroaryl), -(alkylaryl), -(alkylheteroaryl), NH-(alkyl), N(alkyl).sub.2, NH-(alkenyl), NH-(alkynyl)NH-(aryl), NH-(heteroaryl), O-(alkyl), O-(alkenyl), O-(alkynyl), O-(aryl), O-(heteroaryl), S-(alkyl), S-(alkenyl), S-(alkynyl), S-(aryl), or S-(heteroaryl),
comprising:
(a) reacting a compound having the structure: ##STR00002##
with a trifluoromethylating agent in the presence of a base in a first suitable solvent under conditions to produce a compound having the structure: ##STR00003##
and
(b) maintaining the compound produced in step (a) in a second suitable solvent under conditions sufficient to produce the trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluormethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00004##

The present invention provides a process of producing a trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluoromethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00001##
wherein
A is an aryl or heteroaryl, each with or without subsutitution; and
R.sub.1 is H, -(alkyl), -(alkenyl), -(alkynyl), -(aryl), -(heteroaryl), -(alkylaryl), -(alkylheteroaryl), NH-(alkyl), N(alkyl).sub.2, NH-(alkenyl), NH-(alkynyl)NH-(aryl), NH-(heteroaryl), O-(alkyl), O-(alkenyl), O-(alkynyl), O-(aryl), O-(heteroaryl), S-(alkyl), S-(alkenyl), S-(alkynyl), S-(aryl), or S-(heteroaryl),
comprising:
(a) reacting a compound having the structure: ##STR00002##
with a trifluoromethylating agent in the presence of a base in a first suitable solvent under conditions to produce a compound having the structure: ##STR00003##
and
(b) maintaining the compound produced in step (a) in a second suitable solvent under conditions sufficient to produce the trifluoromethoxylated aryl or trifluormethoxylated heteroaryl having the structure: ##STR00004##