A process for synthesizing an -amino acid compound of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
wherein 4r13 from a monounsaturated fatty nitrile compound of formula
CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.rCN
the process comprising: 1) a step of hydroformylation of the mono unsaturated fatty nitrile compound by reacting said nitrile with carbon monoxide and di hydrogen 5e-a5 to obtain a nitrile aldehyde compound of formula HOC(CH2)r+2-CN, then 2) a step of oxidation, in the presence of dioxygen, of the nitrile aldehyde compound to obtain a corresponding nitrile acid compound of formula HOOC(CH2)r+2-CN, and 3) a step of reduction of the nitrile acid compound to give an w-amino acid of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2.

A process for synthesizing an -amino acid compound of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,
wherein 4r13 from a monounsaturated fatty nitrile compound of formula
CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.2).sub.rCN
the process comprising: 1) a step of hydroformylation of the mono unsaturated fatty nitrile compound by reacting said nitrile with carbon monoxide and di hydrogen 5e-a5 to obtain a nitrile aldehyde compound of formula HOC(CH2)r+2-CN, then 2) a step of oxidation, in the presence of dioxygen, of the nitrile aldehyde compound to obtain a corresponding nitrile acid compound of formula HOOC(CH2)r+2-CN, and 3) a step of reduction of the nitrile acid compound to give an w-amino acid of formula
HOOC(CH.sub.2).sub.r+2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2.

The present invention provides an electrolyte solvent with adjustable solvation properties, and through an electrolyte technology, adjusts the anion-rich solvent with favorable solubility, and develops and synthesizes the solvent with weak solvation properties, so that the battery performance can be greatly improved and the solvent can be produced at low cost. The electrolyte technology of the present invention can control the electrochemical battery, taking the lithium battery as an example, the growth pattern of the lithium and the interface control of the positive and negative electrodes, which can help improve the safety of the lithium battery during fast charging, and it can be extended to various electrochemical devices such as metal/metal-ion/metal and metal-ion hybrid batteries.

The present invention provides an electrolyte solvent with adjustable solvation properties, and through an electrolyte technology, adjusts the anion-rich solvent with favorable solubility, and develops and synthesizes the solvent with weak solvation properties, so that the battery performance can be greatly improved and the solvent can be produced at low cost. The electrolyte technology of the present invention can control the electrochemical battery, taking the lithium battery as an example, the growth pattern of the lithium and the interface control of the positive and negative electrodes, which can help improve the safety of the lithium battery during fast charging, and it can be extended to various electrochemical devices such as metal/metal-ion/metal and metal-ion hybrid batteries.

The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), which comprises the steps of: formula (I), (a) reacting isovaleraldehyde of formula (II) and alkyl cyanoacetate of formula (III) optionally in presence of salts of weak acid and weak base or weak base in a suitable solvent to get 2-cyano-5-methyl-hex-2-enoic acid alkyl ester of formula (IV); (b) reacting 2-cyano-5-methyl-hex-2-enoic acid alkyl ester of formula (IV) with a suitable cyanide source in water or in an organic solvent or mixture thereof to get 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V); (c) obtaining optionally 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V) by reacting isovaleraldehyde of formula (II) and alkyl cyanoacetate of formula (III) in presence of suitable cyanide source in water or in an organic solvent or mixture thereof in single step; (d) converting 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V) to racemic 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (VI) with a genetically modified nitrilase enzyme (Nit 9N_56_2) in water or optionally with an organic co-solvent at appropriate pH and temperature; (e) converting racemic 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (VI) to racemic alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VII) by treatment with alcohol (R3OH) and acidic catalyst or alkyl halide (R3X) in presence of a base in a suitable solvent or a mixture of solvents thereof; (f) obtaining (S)-alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VIII) and (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (X) by enzymatic enantioselective hydrolysis in water or organic solvent or a mixture thereof from racemic alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VII); (g) obtaining optionally the compound of formula (VII) by racemizing unwanted (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (X) or substantially enriched (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid salt thereof of formula (X) in presence of a base in organic solvent or a mixture thereof; (h) converting (S)-alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VIII) to pregabalin of formula (I) by hydrolyzing ester group with suitable alkali or alkaline earth metal base followed by hydrogenation optionally in one pot in a solvent selected from water or other organic solvents or a mixture thereof in presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. ##STR00001##

The present invention provides an improved process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I), which comprises the steps of: formula (I), (a) reacting isovaleraldehyde of formula (II) and alkyl cyanoacetate of formula (III) optionally in presence of salts of weak acid and weak base or weak base in a suitable solvent to get 2-cyano-5-methyl-hex-2-enoic acid alkyl ester of formula (IV); (b) reacting 2-cyano-5-methyl-hex-2-enoic acid alkyl ester of formula (IV) with a suitable cyanide source in water or in an organic solvent or mixture thereof to get 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V); (c) obtaining optionally 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V) by reacting isovaleraldehyde of formula (II) and alkyl cyanoacetate of formula (III) in presence of suitable cyanide source in water or in an organic solvent or mixture thereof in single step; (d) converting 2-isobutylsuccinonitrile of formula (V) to racemic 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (VI) with a genetically modified nitrilase enzyme (Nit 9N_56_2) in water or optionally with an organic co-solvent at appropriate pH and temperature; (e) converting racemic 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (VI) to racemic alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VII) by treatment with alcohol (R3OH) and acidic catalyst or alkyl halide (R3X) in presence of a base in a suitable solvent or a mixture of solvents thereof; (f) obtaining (S)-alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VIII) and (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (X) by enzymatic enantioselective hydrolysis in water or organic solvent or a mixture thereof from racemic alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VII); (g) obtaining optionally the compound of formula (VII) by racemizing unwanted (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid or salt thereof of formula (X) or substantially enriched (R)-3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoic acid salt thereof of formula (X) in presence of a base in organic solvent or a mixture thereof; (h) converting (S)-alkyl 3-cyano-5-methyl-hexanoate of formula (VIII) to pregabalin of formula (I) by hydrolyzing ester group with suitable alkali or alkaline earth metal base followed by hydrogenation optionally in one pot in a solvent selected from water or other organic solvents or a mixture thereof in presence of a suitable hydrogenation catalyst. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte additive, and a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery including the same and a lithium secondary battery, and particularly, to a non-aqueous electrolyte additive having a nitrile group and a propargyl group, and a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery, which include the non-aqueous electrolyte additive so that capacity and cycle lifespan characteristics at high temperature can be improved.

This disclosure relates to the field of molecules having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda, processes to produce such molecules, intermediates used in such processes, pesticidal compositions containing such molecules, and processes of using such pesticidal compositions against such pests. These pesticidal compositions may be used, for example, as acaricides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides, and nematicides. This document discloses molecules having the following formula (Formula One).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to monoterpenoid and phenylpropanoid containing derivative compounds, methods of making the compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of repelling pests using the compounds and/or compositions.

The present invention relates to monoterpenoid and phenylpropanoid containing derivative compounds, methods of making the compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of repelling pests using the compounds and/or compositions.