A process for preparing ammonia or ammonia and urea in a facility may involve compressing a crude synthesis gas stream that includes hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, washing a substream of the crude synthesis gas with ammonia to form a purified synthesis gas stream depleted of carbon dioxide and a condensate, synthesizing ammonia from the purified synthesis gas stream, and synthesizing urea from the condensate to form an aqueous urea composition. In the preparation of ammonia and urea, the crude synthesis gas stream may be, after being compressed, divided into a first synthesis gas substream and a second synthesis gas substream. In some instances, only the first synthesis gas substream is scrubbed with liquid ammonia.

A process may be utilized to coat urea-containing granules with organic polymers. The process may involve compressing gaseous carbon dioxide and condensing the carbon dioxide to obtain liquid carbon dioxide, increasing the pressure and/or the temperature above the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining supercritical carbon dioxide, dissolving an organic polymer in the supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain a polymer-containing solution, and mixing the polymer-containing solution with urea-containing granules and lowering the temperature and/or the pressure below the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining coated urea-containing granules and gaseous carbon dioxide. In some cases the organic polymer may include biodegradable polymers, and the polymer-containing solution may contain between 20 to 70% by weight biodegradable polymers.

A process may be utilized to coat urea-containing granules with organic polymers. The process may involve compressing gaseous carbon dioxide and condensing the carbon dioxide to obtain liquid carbon dioxide, increasing the pressure and/or the temperature above the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining supercritical carbon dioxide, dissolving an organic polymer in the supercritical carbon dioxide to obtain a polymer-containing solution, and mixing the polymer-containing solution with urea-containing granules and lowering the temperature and/or the pressure below the critical point of carbon dioxide and obtaining coated urea-containing granules and gaseous carbon dioxide. In some cases the organic polymer may include biodegradable polymers, and the polymer-containing solution may contain between 20 to 70% by weight biodegradable polymers.

A method of co-producing a nitrogen containing stream and a methanol stream, including producing at least an oxygen enriched stream and a nitrogen enriched stream in an air separation unit, introducing at least a portion of the oxygen enriched stream into an oxygen-based reformer, thereby producing a first syngas stream, introducing at least a portion of the first syngas stream into a methanol synthesis reactor, thereby producing at least a hydrogen containing stream and a methanol containing stream, introducing at least a portion of the methanol containing stream into a methanol distillation system, thereby producing a methanol product stream, introducing at least a portion of the nitrogen enriched stream, at least a portion of the first enriched hydrogen containing stream, and at least a portion of the second enriched hydrogen containing stream into an ammonia synthesis reactor, thereby producing an ammonia product stream.

A process for producing urea with controlled excess of CO.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3. The process includes the steps of: reforming the hydrocarbon feed gas, thereby obtaining a synthesis gas comprising CH.sub.4, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O, shifting the synthesis gas, removing CO.sub.2 from the synthesis gas, removing residual H.sub.2O and/or CO.sub.2 from the synthesis gas, removing CH.sub.4, CO, Ar and/or He, and adding stoichiometric nitrogen to produce NH.sub.3 to the synthesis gas, synthesizing NH.sub.3 to obtain a NH.sub.3 product, and adding at least part of the product CO.sub.2 and at least part of the NH.sub.3 product to a urea synthesis step to make a urea product. The amount of excess CO.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3 is controlled by adjusting the steam/carbon in the reforming step and/or the H.sub.2O addition upstream the shift step and/or adjusting the inlet temperature to at least one or more shift steps.

A process for producing urea with controlled excess of CO.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3. The process includes the steps of: reforming the hydrocarbon feed gas, thereby obtaining a synthesis gas comprising CH.sub.4, CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O, shifting the synthesis gas, removing CO.sub.2 from the synthesis gas, removing residual H.sub.2O and/or CO.sub.2 from the synthesis gas, removing CH.sub.4, CO, Ar and/or He, and adding stoichiometric nitrogen to produce NH.sub.3 to the synthesis gas, synthesizing NH.sub.3 to obtain a NH.sub.3 product, and adding at least part of the product CO.sub.2 and at least part of the NH.sub.3 product to a urea synthesis step to make a urea product. The amount of excess CO.sub.2 and/or NH.sub.3 is controlled by adjusting the steam/carbon in the reforming step and/or the H.sub.2O addition upstream the shift step and/or adjusting the inlet temperature to at least one or more shift steps.

The invention is directed to kits, compositions, tools and methods comprising a cyclic industrial process to form biocement. In particular, the invention is directed to materials and methods for decomposing calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature, reacting calcium oxide with ammonium chloride to form calcium chloride, water, and ammonia gas; and reacting ammonia gas and carbon dioxide at high pressure to form urea and water, which are then utilized to form biocement. This cyclic process can be achieved by combining industrial processes with the resulting product as biocement. The process may involve retention of calcium carbonate currently utilized in the manufacture of Portland Cement.

The invention is directed to kits, compositions, tools and methods comprising a cyclic industrial process to form biocement. In particular, the invention is directed to materials and methods for decomposing calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at an elevated temperature, reacting calcium oxide with ammonium chloride to form calcium chloride, water, and ammonia gas; and reacting ammonia gas and carbon dioxide at high pressure to form urea and water, which are then utilized to form biocement. This cyclic process can be achieved by combining industrial processes with the resulting product as biocement. The process may involve retention of calcium carbonate currently utilized in the manufacture of Portland Cement.

A process for producing ammonia and a derivative of ammonia from a natural gas feed comprising conversion of natural gas into a make-up synthesis gas; synthesis of ammonia; use of said ammonia to produce said derivative of ammonia, wherein a portion of the natural gas feed is used to fuel a gas engine; power produced by said gas engine; is transferred to at least one power user of the process, such as a compressor; heat is re-covered from exhaust gas of said gas engine; and at least part of said heat may be recovered as low-grade heat available at a temperature not greater than 200 C., to provide process heating to at least one thermal user of the process, such as CO2 removal unit or absorption chiller; a corresponding plant and method of modernization are also disclosed.

A process for producing ammonia and a derivative of ammonia from a natural gas feed comprising conversion of natural gas into a make-up synthesis gas; synthesis of ammonia; use of said ammonia to produce said derivative of ammonia, wherein a portion of the natural gas feed is used to fuel a gas engine; power produced by said gas engine; is transferred to at least one power user of the process, such as a compressor; heat is re-covered from exhaust gas of said gas engine; and at least part of said heat may be recovered as low-grade heat available at a temperature not greater than 200 C., to provide process heating to at least one thermal user of the process, such as CO2 removal unit or absorption chiller; a corresponding plant and method of modernization are also disclosed.