The present disclosure provides derivatives of amino acids that have branched alkyl structures and surface-active properties. The amino acid can be naturally-occurring or synthetic, or they may be obtained via a ring-opening reaction of a lactam, such as caprolactam. The amino acid may be functionalized to form a compound that is surface-active and have advantageous surfactant characteristics. The compounds of the present disclosure have low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) as well as superior ability to lower the surface tension of a liquid.

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of quinolone based compounds of general formula (I) using intermediate compound of general formula (XII). Invention also provides an improved process for the preparation of compound of formula (I-a) using intermediate compound of formula (XII-a) and some novel impurities generated during process. Compounds prepared using this process can be used to treat anemia.

In certain aspects the methods comprise administering an inhibitor of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis, a cystathionine--synthase (CBS) inhibitor, or a hydrogen sulfide neutralizing agent to a patient having a cancer associated with elevated production of hydrogen sulfide.

In certain aspects the methods comprise administering an inhibitor of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis, a cystathionine--synthase (CBS) inhibitor, or a hydrogen sulfide neutralizing agent to a patient having a cancer associated with elevated production of hydrogen sulfide.

Disclosed are benzoate derivatives. Provided is a compound having a formula selected from the group consisting of following structures. The compound can be used for quality control over a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2-acetoxybenzoate hydrochloride product, and also for inflammation diminishment.

##STR00001##

Disclosed are benzoate derivatives. Provided is a compound having a formula selected from the group consisting of following structures. The compound can be used for quality control over a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2-acetoxybenzoate hydrochloride product, and also for inflammation diminishment.

##STR00001##

A method for producing an amine oxide by oxidation of a tertiary amine in a reactor under continuous introduction of tertiary amine in a reaction fluid and export of amine oxide, wherein a suitable surface-to-volume ratio and/or a suitable flow speed with corresponding surface/volume loads are selected in the continuous process. The reaction fluid is usually reacted in the reactor with a laminar flow.

A compound of general formula (I) or (II), wherein R.sub.n and R.sub.m independently represent a C.sub.3-C.sub.27 aliphatic group, R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent hydrogen or a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl group, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 24 carbon atoms which can be optionally substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom containing groups, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent a group selected from O.sup., -Alk-CH(OH)CH.sub.2SO.sub.3 and -Alk-CO.sub.2 wherein Alk represents an alkylene group.

##STR00001##

A compound of general formula (I) or (II), wherein R.sub.n and R.sub.m independently represent a C.sub.3-C.sub.27 aliphatic group, R.sub.1 to R.sub.4, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent hydrogen or a C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl group, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent a linear or branched divalent hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 24 carbon atoms which can be optionally substituted and/or interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or heteroatom containing groups, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, represent a group selected from O.sup., -Alk-CH(OH)CH.sub.2SO.sub.3 and -Alk-CO.sub.2 wherein Alk represents an alkylene group.

##STR00001##

An anthraquinone compound of formula I (such as the compounds of formulae II to X) and processes for making the same are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of cancer, optionally in combination with an agent capable of reducing the level of oxygenation of a tumor, are also provided. Additionally, an option for combination with chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic modalities to enhance overall tumor cell kill is provided. Methods for the detection of cellular hypoxia, both in vivo and in vitro, are additionally provided. ##STR00001##