The present invention relates to methods of preparing benzoxaboroles. Benzoxaborole compounds have shown promise as antimicrobial agents, especially against fungal pathogens. The invention also relates to compositions of acyclic alkoxy boronic acid esters as intermediates, and continuous flow processes of mixing the intermediates with organomagnesium, magnesium, or organolithium reagents to form the desired benzoxaboroles.

Pathogen reduction is highly desirable when growing plants. Foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water has been found to reduce the number of plant pathogens, with higher frequency of foliar spraying reducing the number of plant pathogens by greater amounts. However, too frequent foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water may harm the plant, the frequency of foliar spraying at which this occurs depending on the species of plant. A balance is found at which the frequency of foliar spraying is high enough to effectively control plant pathogens but not so high as to harm the plant. This balance is dependent on the species of plant.

Pathogen reduction is highly desirable when growing plants. Foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water has been found to reduce the number of plant pathogens, with higher frequency of foliar spraying reducing the number of plant pathogens by greater amounts. However, too frequent foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water may harm the plant, the frequency of foliar spraying at which this occurs depending on the species of plant. A balance is found at which the frequency of foliar spraying is high enough to effectively control plant pathogens but not so high as to harm the plant. This balance is dependent on the species of plant.

Pathogen reduction is highly desirable when growing plants. Foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water has been found to reduce the number of plant pathogens, with higher frequency of foliar spraying reducing the number of plant pathogens by greater amounts. However, too frequent foliar spraying with CO.sub.2-infused water may harm the plant, the frequency of foliar spraying at which this occurs depending on the species of plant. A balance is found at which the frequency of foliar spraying is high enough to effectively control plant pathogens but not so high as to harm the plant. This balance is dependent on the species of plant.

As part of the natural biological process, plants produce various metabolites. The amount of certain metabolites produced is important, especially during the growth phase of plants to be harvested in whole or in part. The production of metabolites is affected by the chemical environment within the plant, including the amount of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2. The production of metabolites of interest can be controlled by measuring the amount of the metabolites being produced by the plant, and then adjusting the amount of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 available to the plant. These are adjusted by adjusting the amount of CO.sub.2 in water delivered to the leaves of the plant through foliar spraying and the amount of O.sub.2 in water delivered to the roots of the plant.

As part of the natural biological process, plants produce various metabolites. The amount of certain metabolites produced is important, especially during the growth phase of plants to be harvested in whole or in part. The production of metabolites is affected by the chemical environment within the plant, including the amount of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2. The production of metabolites of interest can be controlled by measuring the amount of the metabolites being produced by the plant, and then adjusting the amount of CO.sub.2 and O.sub.2 available to the plant. These are adjusted by adjusting the amount of CO.sub.2 in water delivered to the leaves of the plant through foliar spraying and the amount of O.sub.2 in water delivered to the roots of the plant.

Provided herein are methods and compositions useful for inhibiting microbe growth. The methods can comprise contacting the microbe with an antimicrobial agent and bicarbonate. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating or preventing a microbial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need an effective amount of (i) bicarbonate and (ii) an antimicrobial agent.

Provided herein are methods and compositions useful for inhibiting microbe growth. The methods can comprise contacting the microbe with an antimicrobial agent and bicarbonate. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods for treating or preventing a microbial infection, comprising administering to a subject in need an effective amount of (i) bicarbonate and (ii) an antimicrobial agent.

Systems and methods of use of chlorine dioxide in controlled environmental agriculture settings and postharvest applications are provided. A method can comprise application of gaseous chlorine dioxide at a level effective to prevent microbial proliferation in a setting containing growing plants. A system can comprise a chemical microorganism control agent dispersal system, an airborne microorganism detection system, and a cultivation environment monitor system.

Systems and methods of use of chlorine dioxide in controlled environmental agriculture settings and postharvest applications are provided. A method can comprise application of gaseous chlorine dioxide at a level effective to prevent microbial proliferation in a setting containing growing plants. A system can comprise a chemical microorganism control agent dispersal system, an airborne microorganism detection system, and a cultivation environment monitor system.