A method of distilling a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide using a distillation system, including mixing sodium carbonate with a liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a bottom of the distillation system such that sodium carbonate accounts for 0.005% to 25% by weight relative to 100% by weight of the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide and sodium carbonate in total at the bottom of the distillation system and heating the bottom; and obtaining a distillate containing dimethyl sulfoxide at a position lower than a position at which the liquid containing dimethyl sulfoxide is introduced and higher than a position of the heating portion.

Oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) solvent compositions are derived from by-product disulfide oil (DSO) compounds produced as by-products from the generalized mercaptan oxidation (MEROX) processing of a refinery feedstock. The oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) solvent compositions comprise at least a primary oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound selected from either water soluble or water insoluble oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compounds and in some embodiments at least 0.1 ppmw of a secondary oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound that is a water soluble oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound.

Oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) solvent compositions are derived from by-product disulfide oil (DSO) compounds produced as by-products from the generalized mercaptan oxidation (MEROX) processing of a refinery feedstock. The oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) solvent compositions comprise at least a primary oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound selected from either water soluble or water insoluble oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compounds and in some embodiments at least 0.1 ppmw of a secondary oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound that is a water soluble oxidized disulfide oil (ODSO) compound.

A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the steps of: introducing a lead halide and a first solvent to a first vessel and contacting the lead halide with the first solvent to dissolve the lead halide to form a lead halide solution, introducing a Group 1 metal halide a second solvent into a second vessel and contacting the Group 1 metal halide with the second solvent to dissolve the Group 1 metal halide to form a Group 1 metal halide solution, and contacting the lead halide solution with the Group 1 metal halide solution to form a thin-film precursor ink. The method further comprises depositing the thin-film precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the thin-film precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film; and rinsing the thin film with a salt solution.

The present invention aims to provide a solar cell excellent in photoelectric conversion efficiency, in which reduction in the photoelectric conversion efficiency due to continuous irradiation with light (photodegradation) is suppressed and the photoelectric conversion layer is less likely to suffer corrosion. The present invention provides a solar cell having a structure including: a cathode; an electron transport layer; a photoelectric conversion layer;

and an anode stacked in the stated order, the photoelectric conversion layer including an organic-inorganic perovskite compound represented by the formula: R-M-X.sub.3 where R represents an organic molecule, M represents a metal atom, and X represents a halogen or chalcogen atom, the cathode being formed of a titanium material and having an oxide layer on at least one surface.

A negative resist composition comprising a sulfonium compound having formula (A) and a base polymer is provided. The resist composition exhibits a high resolution during pattern formation and forms a pattern with minimal LER. ##STR00001##

A negative resist composition comprising a sulfonium compound having formula (A) and a base polymer is provided. The resist composition exhibits a high resolution during pattern formation and forms a pattern with minimal LER. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for the manufacturing of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) by reaction of a radical initiator composition with methane and sulfur trioxide comprising the steps (a) preparation of the intiator composition by reacting aqueous hydrogen peroxide with the components methane sulfonic acid and methane sulfonic acid anhydride and (b) reaction of the initiator composition from step (a) with sulfur trioxide and methane to form methane sulfonic acid. The invention further relates to the use of methane sulfonic acid anhydride (MSA anhydride) in said process and to methane sulfonic acid manufactured by said process.

Disclosed herein are compounds and methods of using such compounds for treating or suppressing oxidative stress disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, impaired energy processing disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and diseases of aging, or for modulating one or more energy biomarkers, normalizing one or more energy biomarkers, or enhancing one or more energy biomarkers, wherein the compounds are tocopherol quinone derivatives. Further disclosed are compounds, compositions, and methods for treatment of, or prophylaxis against, radiation exposure.

Disclosed herein are compounds and methods of using such compounds for treating or suppressing oxidative stress disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, impaired energy processing disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and diseases of aging, or for modulating one or more energy biomarkers, normalizing one or more energy biomarkers, or enhancing one or more energy biomarkers, wherein the compounds are tocopherol quinone derivatives. Further disclosed are compounds, compositions, and methods for treatment of, or prophylaxis against, radiation exposure.