The present invention provides novel Ruthenium-based transition metal complex catalysts comprising specific ligands, their preparation and their use in hydrogenation processes. Such complex catalysts are inexpensive, thermally robust, and olefin selective.

Compounds that modulate the oxidoreductase enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and compositions containing the compounds, are described herein. The use of such compounds and compositions for the treatment and/or prevention of a diverse array of diseases, disorders and conditions, including cancer- and immune-related disorders, that are mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is also provided.

Compounds that modulate the oxidoreductase enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and compositions containing the compounds, are described herein. The use of such compounds and compositions for the treatment and/or prevention of a diverse array of diseases, disorders and conditions, including cancer- and immune-related disorders, that are mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is also provided.

Provided is an additive for imparting ultraviolet absorbency, or an additive for imparting a high refractive index, which has satisfactory compatibility with a resin serving as a matrix and can maintain high transparency even if added in high concentrations. Also provided is an additive with which the function of imparting both ultraviolet absorbency and a high refractive index can be realized by means of one kind of additive. This additive is represented by the following Formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein at least one of R.sup.1a to R.sup.9a is a monovalent sulfur-containing group represented by the following Formula (i-1) or Formula (i-2):

##STR00002## wherein R.sup.10a to R.sup.12a each represent a divalent hydrocarbon group or the like; and R.sup.13a represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group or the like.

Provided is an additive for imparting ultraviolet absorbency, or an additive for imparting a high refractive index, which has satisfactory compatibility with a resin serving as a matrix and can maintain high transparency even if added in high concentrations. Also provided is an additive with which the function of imparting both ultraviolet absorbency and a high refractive index can be realized by means of one kind of additive. This additive is represented by the following Formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein at least one of R.sup.1a to R.sup.9a is a monovalent sulfur-containing group represented by the following Formula (i-1) or Formula (i-2):

##STR00002## wherein R.sup.10a to R.sup.12a each represent a divalent hydrocarbon group or the like; and R.sup.13a represents a monovalent hydrocarbon group or the like.

The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and a sulfurized aromatic amine compound, especially sulfur coupled aniline. The invention further relates to methods of lubricating an internal combustion engine by supplying the described lubricating composition to the internal combustion engine. The invention further relates to the use of the sulfurized aromatic amine compound as a TBN booster and an antioxidant.

The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and a sulfurized aromatic amine compound, especially sulfur coupled aniline. The invention further relates to methods of lubricating an internal combustion engine by supplying the described lubricating composition to the internal combustion engine. The invention further relates to the use of the sulfurized aromatic amine compound as a TBN booster and an antioxidant.

Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF.sub.5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, X.sup.aF (wherein X.sup.a represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

The present invention relates to a compound, or a dimer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of said compound or dimer, for use in a method for the treatment of a disease, disorder or condition caused by an RNA virus, said compound having the general structure shown in Formula (I).

##STR00001##