The present disclosure features photon upconversion systems, including a sensitizer and an emitter, wherein the sensitizer absorbs an energy from an incident radiation, and the emitter accepts the energy from the sensitizer via triplet-triplet energy transfer, and emits at a lower wavelength than the incident radiation via a triplet-triplet annihilation process. The present disclosure also features devices including the photon upconversion systems.

The present disclosure features photon upconversion systems, including a sensitizer and an emitter, wherein the sensitizer absorbs an energy from an incident radiation, and the emitter accepts the energy from the sensitizer via triplet-triplet energy transfer, and emits at a lower wavelength than the incident radiation via a triplet-triplet annihilation process. The present disclosure also features devices including the photon upconversion systems.

Disulphide compounds of Formula (I) where Y is sulphuryl or sulphinyl Z is phenyl or substituted phenyl and the other variables are as defined in the claims; pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for making these compounds. These compounds are useful in therapeutic methods for treating microbial infection, inflammation and reducing the formation of blood clots and have non-therapeutic use as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents and as anti-thrombotic agents.

##STR00001##

Disulphide compounds of Formula (I) where Y is sulphuryl or sulphinyl Z is phenyl or substituted phenyl and the other variables are as defined in the claims; pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for making these compounds. These compounds are useful in therapeutic methods for treating microbial infection, inflammation and reducing the formation of blood clots and have non-therapeutic use as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents and as anti-thrombotic agents.

##STR00001##

A novel organic sulfur compound, a method for preparing the same, and a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer or inflammatory diseases, containing the same as an active ingredient are provided. The novel organic sulfur compound is capable of excellently inhibiting histone deacetylated (HDAC) enzymes in a concentration of nanomolar or micromolar units and has been found to have an excellent effect against inflammatory diseases, and has been found to be capable of inhibiting the proliferation of cancer.

A cyclopropanation method includes reacting an alcohol, an ester, or an aldehyde with a sulfone in an organic solvent containing a base providing a counter cation to form a cyclopropane; and isolating the cyclopropane. When using the alcohol or ester, the organic solvent further contains a catalyst having an alcohol dehydrogenation activity.

A cyclopropanation method includes reacting an alcohol, an ester, or an aldehyde with a sulfone in an organic solvent containing a base providing a counter cation to form a cyclopropane; and isolating the cyclopropane. When using the alcohol or ester, the organic solvent further contains a catalyst having an alcohol dehydrogenation activity.

The invention relates to methods of treating cell proliferative disorders. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions for treating cell proliferative disorders, especially cancer.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit, ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit, ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.