The present disclosure is generally directed to compositions and methods for treating diseases that are ameliorated by the inhibition of CYP26 mediated retinoic acid metabolism. The compositions comprise compounds of formula (I). A repreid50000060307390 IB/345 nullsents aryl optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four groups that are each independently halogen, cyano, nitro, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl, NH.sub.2, NH(C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl), N(C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl).sub.2, OH, C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy, and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 haloalkoxy; X is a bond, CH.sub.2, CHR.sup.5, CCHR.sup.4, NR.sup.4, NOR.sup.4, O, S, SO, SO.sub.2, C(O), or C(NR.sup.4), or X is of formula (a), (b) or (c), wherein each n is independently 1, 2, or 3; each R.sup.4 is independently hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; R.sup.5 is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or OR.sup.6, where R.sup.6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, C.sub.2-6 alkynyL C.sub.3-12 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, arylC.sub.1-6 alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylC.sub.1-6 alkyl; Y is C.sub.1-6 alkylene, C.sub.2-6 alkenylene, or C.sub.2-6 alkylylene moiety. ##STR00001##

Methods for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders such as treating presbyopia or cataract in a subject in need thereof. The methods require administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound that inhibits the formation of high molecular weight aggregates of human -A-crystallin and/or human -B-crystallin.

Methods for treating ophthalmic diseases and disorders such as treating presbyopia or cataract in a subject in need thereof. The methods require administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition comprising a compound that inhibits the formation of high molecular weight aggregates of human -A-crystallin and/or human -B-crystallin.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit,

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit,

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.

The present invention provides novel amino lipids and a method for synthesizing these compounds. According to the invention, the amino lipids have a structure of the following formula:

##STR00001##

wherein Z is hydrogen or X.sup.1R.sup.1,
R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and independently C.sub.6-C.sub.24 alkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 alkenyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.24 alkynyl, or C.sub.6-C.sub.24 acyl,
X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are the same or different, S, SO or S(O).sub.2,
Y is

##STR00002##

or heterocycles of the formula

##STR00003##

wherein k and l are integers from 0 to 2,
R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are either the same or different and independently C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkenyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl may be optionally substituted with a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 hydrocarbyl group, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 optionally join to form, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, an optionally substituted N-heterocyclic ring of 3 to 10 atoms comprising 1 to 7 nitrogen atoms, or R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different alkyl amines;
R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are absent or are hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl,
R.sup.7 is hydrogen or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl,
m is an integer from 1 to 12, n is an integer from 1 to 12, and p is an integer from 1 to 3, wherein YN for p=2 or 3.

A method for preparing a cationic sulfoxide intermediate having the following formula

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups that are the same or different, includes reacting hydrogen peroxide with (i) a compound having the following formula (2) or sulfonic acid RSO.sub.3H, wherein R is CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, phenyl, toluene, or OH, and (ii) a cationic thioether intermediate having the following formula (4) to obtain the cationic sulfoxide intermediate:

##STR00002##

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group; and

##STR00003##

wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are as defined above and Y is an anion.

A method for preparing a cationic sulfoxide intermediate having the following formula

##STR00001##

wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups that are the same or different, includes reacting hydrogen peroxide with (i) a compound having the following formula (2) or sulfonic acid RSO.sub.3H, wherein R is CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, phenyl, toluene, or OH, and (ii) a cationic thioether intermediate having the following formula (4) to obtain the cationic sulfoxide intermediate:

##STR00002##

wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group; and

##STR00003##

wherein Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are as defined above and Y is an anion.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit, ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a polyarylene sulfide resin comprising: reacting a sulfoxide represented by the following formula (1) with a particular aromatic compound to obtain a poly(arylenesulfonium salt) having a particular constitutional unit; and dealkylating or dearylating the poly(arylenesulfonium salt) to obtain a polyarylene sulfide resin having a particular constitutional unit, ##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, etc.; Ar.sup.1 and Ar.sup.2 each independently represent an arylene group optionally having a substituent; and Z represents a direct bond, etc.