Therapeutically-effective amounts of novel analogs or derivatives of alkyl fatty acids, such as but not limited to lipoic acid, and pharmaceutical formulations comprising such analogs or derivatives and pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers therefor, are useful for the treatment, prevention, imaging, and/or diagnosis of medical disorders.

Therapeutically-effective amounts of novel analogs or derivatives of alkyl fatty acids, such as but not limited to lipoic acid, and pharmaceutical formulations comprising such analogs or derivatives and pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers therefor, are useful for the treatment, prevention, imaging, and/or diagnosis of medical disorders.

Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula: ##STR00001##
while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group. The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula: ##STR00001##
while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group. The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

The invention relates to a process for preparing unipolar cation-conducting ionomers from fluoro ionic monomers, to said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers, to the uses thereof, to an electrolytic composition comprising at least one of said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers and to an electrochemical device comprising at least one of said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers, especially as electrolyte.

The invention relates to a process for preparing unipolar cation-conducting ionomers from fluoro ionic monomers, to said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers, to the uses thereof, to an electrolytic composition comprising at least one of said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers and to an electrochemical device comprising at least one of said unipolar cation-conducting ionomers, especially as electrolyte.

Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula:

##STR00001##

while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group.

The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

Substituted hydroquinones and quinones and methods of synthesizing such compounds are disclosed herein. The substituted hydroquinones have the formula:

##STR00001##

while the substituted quinones have the corresponding oxidized structure (1,4-benzoquinones). One, two, three, or all four of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 comprise a thioether moiety and a sulfonate moiety, and wherein each R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 that does not comprise a thioether and a sulfonate moiety sulfonate moiety is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl or an electron withdrawing group.

The substituted hydroquinones and quinones are soluble in water, stable in aqueous acid solutions, and have a high reduction potential in the oxidized form. Accordingly, they can be used as redox mediators in emerging technologies, such as in mediated fuel cells or organic-mediator flow batteries.

A deep eutectic solvent consisting of (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride and dithiothreitol in a molar ratio of from 1:2 to 1:3 and from 0% to 10% co-solvent, and methods of enzymatic production of polypeptides using the deep eutectic solvent.

A deep eutectic solvent consisting of (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride and dithiothreitol in a molar ratio of from 1:2 to 1:3 and from 0% to 10% co-solvent, and methods of enzymatic production of polypeptides using the deep eutectic solvent.