Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

The present disclosure relates to an ionic liquid composition and a process for its preparation. The process of the present disclosure is simple, single pot and efficient process for preparing the ionic liquid composition which is effective in a Friedel Craft reaction like, alkylation reaction, trans-alkylation, and acylation.

The present disclosure envisages an ionic liquid composition comprising at least one metal hydroxide; at least one metal halide; and at least one solvent. Also envisaged is a process for preparing an ionic liquid composition. The process comprises mixing in a reaction vessel, at least one metal hydroxide and at least one metal halide in the presence of at least one solvent under a nitrogen atmosphere and continuous stirring followed by cooling under continuous stirring to obtain the ionic liquid composition.

Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

A method of implementing organic synthesis reactions uses a composition containing a metal catalyst originating from a calcined plant. The plants can be from the Brassicaceae, Sapotaceae and Convolvulaceae family, and the metal catalyst contains metal in the M(II) form such as zinc, nickel, manganese, lead, cadmium, calcium, magnesium or copper. Examples of the organic synthesis reactions include halogenations, electrophilic reactions, cycloadditions, transesterification reactions and coupling reactions, among others.

Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

The present disclosure provides methods to produce para-xylene, toluene, and other compounds from renewable sources (e.g., cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, sugar) and ethylene in the presence of a catalyst. For example, cellulose and/or hemicellulose may be converted into 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which may be converted into para-xylene by cycloaddition of ethylene to DMF. Para-xylene can then be oxidized to form terephthalic acid.

Disclosed herein is a process for forming an oligomer product comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex comprising a heteroatomic ligand complexed to a first metal salt; (iii) a second metal salt wherein an equivalent molar ratio of the second metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand of the heteroatomic ligand metal salt complex is at least 0.5:1 and where the second metal salt is an iron salt, a cobalt salt, or any combination thereof; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product. Also disclosed herein is a process comprising (a) introducing into a reaction zone (i) ethylene; (ii) a heteroatomic ligand; (iii) a metal salt where an equivalent molar ratio of the metal salt to the heteroatomic ligand is at least 1.5:1; (iv) an organoaluminum compound; and (b) forming an oligomer product.

The present invention discloses a process for preparing perhydrofluorene or alkyl-substituted perhydrofluorene, comprising the steps of: (1) reacting a phenolic compound or an aromatic hydrocarbon compound or an aromatic ketone compound or an aromatic ether compound with a benzyl compound to carry out an alkylation reaction in the presence of a first catalyst, thereby to produce substituted or unsubstituted diphenyl methane, wherein the first catalyst is an acidic catalyst; and (2) reacting the substituted or unsubstituted diphenyl methane with hydrogen gas to carry out an hydrogenation reaction or a hydrodeoxygenation reaction, thereby to produce perhydrofluorene or alkyl-substituted perhydrofluorene, wherein the second catalyst is a physical mixture of a metal catalyst and an acidic catalyst or a metal catalyst loaded on an acidic catalyst.