A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

A catalyst system that may reduce polymeric fouling may include at least one titanate compound, at least one aluminum compound, and an antifouling agent. The antifouling agent may be chosen from one or more of a phosphonium or phosphonium salt; a sulfonate or a sulfonate salt; a sulfonium or sulfonium salt; an ester including a cyclic moiety; an anhydride; a polyether; and a long-chained amine-capped compound. The catalyst system may further include a non-polymeric ether compound.

A method of forming dialkyl carbonate is provided, which includes introducing carbon dioxide into a catalyst to form dialkyl carbonate, wherein the catalyst is formed by activating a catalyst precursor using alcohol, wherein alcohol is R.sup.3—OH, and R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group or C.sub.5-12 aryl or heteroaryl group. The catalyst precursor is formed by reacting Sn(R.sub.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4, and Sn(R.sup.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4 have a molar ratio of 1:2 to 2:1. R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, R.sup.2 is H or C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, and L is O—(C═O)—R.sup.5, and R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group. The dialkyl carbonate is

##STR00001##

A method of forming dialkyl carbonate is provided, which includes introducing carbon dioxide into a catalyst to form dialkyl carbonate, wherein the catalyst is formed by activating a catalyst precursor using alcohol, wherein alcohol is R.sup.3—OH, and R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group or C.sub.5-12 aryl or heteroaryl group. The catalyst precursor is formed by reacting Sn(R.sub.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4, and Sn(R.sup.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4 have a molar ratio of 1:2 to 2:1. R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, R.sup.2 is H or C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, and L is O—(C═O)—R.sup.5, and R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group. The dialkyl carbonate is ##STR00001##

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes, branched alcohols, branched surfactants and other branched derivatives through isomerization, hydroformylation, hydrogenation, surfactant forming reactions and other derivative forming reactions.

The invention relates to a method of forming an olefin from a first olefin and a second olefin in a metathesis reaction, comprising step (i): (i) reacting the first olefin with the second olefin in the presence of a compound that catalyzes said metathesis reaction such that the molar ratio of said compound to the first or the second olefin is from 1:500 or less, and the conversion of the first or the second olefin to said olefin is at least 50%, characterized in that as compound that catalyzes said metathesis reaction a compound of the following formula is used: ##STR00001## wherein M is Mo or W; R.sup.1 is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, or heteroalkyl; optionally substituted; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can be the same or different and are hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; optionally substituted; R.sup.5 is alkyl, alkoxy, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, silylalkyl, silyloxy, optionally substituted; and R.sup.4 is a residue R.sup.6—X—, wherein X═O and R.sup.6 is aryl, optionally substituted; or X═S and R.sup.6 is aryl, optionally substituted; or X═O and R.sup.6 is (R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9)Si; wherein R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 are alkyl or phenyl, optionally substituted; or X═O and R.sup.6 is (R.sup.10, R.sup.11, R.sup.12)C, wherein R.sup.10, R.sup.11, R.sup.12 are independently selected from phenyl, alkyl; optionally substituted; and to the catalysts used in the method.

This application pertains to group 5 metal complexes having the structure of Formula I: ##STR00001##
and their potential utility in catalyzing α-alkylation of secondary amine-containing moieties.

A method of forming dialkyl carbonate is provided, which includes introducing carbon dioxide into a catalyst to form dialkyl carbonate, wherein the catalyst is formed by activating a catalyst precursor using alcohol, wherein alcohol is R.sup.3—OH, and R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group or C.sub.5-12 aryl or heteroaryl group. The catalyst precursor is formed by reacting Sn(R.sub.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4, and Sn(R.sup.1).sub.2(L).sub.2 and Ti(OR.sup.2).sub.4 have a molar ratio of 1:2 to 2:1. R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-10 alkyl group, R.sup.2 is H or C.sub.1-12 alkyl group, and L is O—(C═O)—R.sup.5, and R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-12 alkyl group. The dialkyl carbonate is

##STR00001##

A process includes periodically or continuously introducing an olefin monomer and periodically or continuously introducing a catalyst system or catalyst system components into a reaction mixture within a reaction system, oligomerizing the olefin monomer within the reaction mixture to form an oligomer product, and periodically or continuously discharging a reaction system effluent comprising the oligomer product from the reaction system. The reaction system includes a total reaction mixture volume and a heat exchanged portion of the reaction system comprising a heat exchanged reaction mixture volume and a total heat exchanged surface area providing indirect contact between the reaction mixture and a heat exchange medium. A ratio of the total heat exchanged surface area to the total reaction mixture volume within the reaction system is in a range from 0.75 in.sup.−1 to 5 in.sup.−1, and an oligomer product discharge rate from the reaction system is between 1.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1) to 6.0 (lb)(hr.sup.−1)(gal.sup.−1).

The invention relates to a process for the oligomerization of ethylene, carried out at a pressure of between 0.1 and 10.0 MPa, at a temperature of between 30 and 200° C., in a cascade of N gas/liquid reactors in series, N being at least equal to 2, comprising a step of introducing a catalytic oligomerization system into at least the first reactor of the cascade, a step of bringing said catalytic system and an optional solvent into contact with ethylene by introducing said ethylene into the lower part of the reaction chamber of at least the first reactor of the cascade, for each reactor n, a step of withdrawing a liquid fraction in the lower part of the reaction chamber of the reactor n, the liquid fraction being separated into two streams: a first stream corresponding to a first, “main”, part of the liquid fraction, which is conveyed to a heat exchanger for cooling; a second stream corresponding to the second part of the liquid fraction which constitutes the liquid feedstock of the following reactor n+1 in the cascade, a step of introducing said second part of the liquid phase withdrawn from the reactor n towards the reaction chamber of the following reactor n+1 in the direction of flow, a step of cooling said first part of the liquid fraction withdrawn from the reactor n in step c) by passing said first part of the liquid fraction into a heat exchanger in order to obtain a cooled liquid fraction, a step of introducing said liquid fraction cooled in step e) at the top of the reaction chamber of said reactor n, the steps a) to f) being carried out, unless indicated otherwise, for each reactor n of the cascade, n being between 1 and N. The invention also relates to a device of N stirred gas/liquid reactors in a cascade, enabling the oligomerization process to be carried out.