This isocyanate production method, for continuously producing an isocyanate while suppressing side reactions, is a method for producing an isocyanate through the thermal decomposition of carbamate, and comprises: a thermal decomposition step in which a mixed solution containing carbamate and a compound (A) having a specific structure is continuously put into a pyrolysis reactor and carry out a pyrolysis reaction of carbamate; a low-boiling-point decomposition product recovery step in which a low-boiling-point decomposition product having a lower standard boiling point than the compound (A) is continuously extracted in a gaseous form from the pyrolysis reactor, and a high-boiling-point component recovery step in which a liquid phase component, which is not recovered in a gaseous form in the low-boiling-point decomposition product recovery step, is continuously extracted as a high-boiling-point component from the pyrolysis reactor.

Disclosed are a deuterated compound of fomula (I), or a salt thereof, and methods for preparation thereof. The present disclosure may provide a mild, versatile organophotoredox method for the preparation of diverse, enantioenriched α-deuterated α-amino acids. In particular, the present disclosure may address the long-standing challenge of installing sterically demanding side chains into α-amino acids, including late-stage modifications on medicinal agents and natural products.

Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I), their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and their pharmaceutical compositions:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3a, R.sup.3b, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and A are defined in the present disclosure. The compounds are potent inhibitors of the main protease (M.sup.pro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and they are useful in treating or preventing COVID-19 in a subject.

Saturation of a pyrolysis stream is achieved while managing exotherms. The pyrolysis stream is split into at least two feed streams for at least two saturation reactors. The process may split the hydrogen stream into at least two streams for the at least two saturation reactors. A recycle stream may also be provided to manage the exotherm. The feed may comprise at least 5 wt % aromatics.

The invention relates to a process for producing small-cell foams from a styrene-polymer component (S) and an additive of formula (I), wherein Z represents a C.sub.1-C.sub.5-alkylene group or an oxygen or sulfur atom, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represent, e.g., a C.sub.3-C.sub.12-alkyl residue, C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl residue or benzyl residue; and R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 represent hydrogen or a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl residue, comprising the steps of: —heating at least a styrene-polymer component (S) to obtain a molten, polymeric molding compound, —introducing a propellant (T) into the molten molding compound to form a foamable composition (Z), and—foaming the foamable composition to obtain a foamed molding, the molten polymeric molding compound containing at least one carboxylic acid derivative of the general formula (I).

##STR00001##

A compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, having a formula I of: ##STR00001## wherein Ar is an arylene or heteroarylene;
R.sup.1 has a structure of: ##STR00002## wherein W is an alkanediyl, alkenediyl, a carbonyl, or a combination thereof; X is —NR.sup.5—, wherein R.sup.5 is H or an alkyl, or —O—; and Y is optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted heterocycloalkyl, or optionally-substituted heterocycloalkyl-substituted alkyl;
each R.sup.2 is the same or different and has a structure of: ##STR00003## wherein Z is —NR.sup.6—, wherein R.sup.6 is H or an alkyl, —O—, —S—, or —CH.sub.2—; Z.sup.1 is (—CH.sub.2-).sub.m wherein m is 0 to 5, or an alkenediyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms; Cy is a 3-8-membered cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring; and each R.sup.4 is the same or different and is selected from hydroxy, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or amino; and c is 0 to 5; and each R.sup.3 is the same or different and is selected from hydroxy, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, amino, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or a nitro, wherein a is 2 to 5, and b is 0 to 3.

A method of hydrolysis of dimethyl succinyl succinate includes: adding DMSS and water to a reactor, and stirring; adding a phase transfer catalyst to the reactor, and heating; and adding an acid and a transition metal salt to the reactor for hydrolysis of DMSS. The acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, and the W ion concentration of the mixture in the reactor is 0.2-12 mol/L. The transition metal salt is a nitrate, sulfate, or chloride of copper, nickel, zinc or manganese, or a combination thereof; and the metal ion concentration of the mixture in the reactor is 0.01-0.1 mol/L.

The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for treating neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, particularly ophthalmic diseases and disorders. Provided herein are alkoxyl derivative compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds. The subject compositions are useful for treating and preventing ophthalmic diseases and disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt’s Disease.

Process for the alkoxycarbonylation of trivinylcyclohexane.

The invention relates to the compounds or its pharmaceutical acceptable polymorphs, solvates, enantiomers, stereoisomers and hydrates thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compounds of formula I, formula II and formula III and the methods for the treatment of neurological diseases may be formulated for oral, buccal, rectal, topical, transdermal, transmucosal, lozenge, spray, intravenous, oral solution, nasal spray, oral solution, suspension, oral spray, buccal mucosal layer tablet, parenteral administration, syrup, or injection. Such compositions may be used to treatment of neurological diseases.