A compound of formula (I): (I) wherein n is an integer between 0 and 10; Y is hydrogen, halide, mesylate, tosylate, ester, SPh, SO2Ph, hydroxyl or protected hydroxyl; with the proviso that if n=0 or 1, Y is not hydrogen.

##STR00001##

High heat monomer compounds, methods for preparing compounds, and compositions derived from the compounds are provided. Also provided are materials and articles derived from the compounds.

The present invention relates to a method for the production of a diterpene or a glycosylated diterpene, which method comprises: a. fermenting a recombinant microorganism of the genus Yarrowia in a suitable fermentation medium at a temperature of about 29 C. or higher, wherein the microorganism comprises one or more nucleotide sequence(s) encoding: a polypeptide having ent-copalyl pyrophosphate synthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene synthase activity; a polypeptide having ent-Kaurene oxidase activity; and a polypeptide having kaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase activity and whereby expression of the nucleotide sequence(s) confer(s) on the microorganism the ability to produce at least steviol; and b. recovering the diterpene or glycosylated diterpene.

The present invention is able to provide a bifunctional compound represented by formula (1).

##STR00001##

(In the formula, R.sub.1 represents COOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2H.sub.5, COOC.sub.3H.sub.7, COOC.sub.4H.sub.9 or CHO; and R.sub.2 represents H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5.)

An onium salt having formula (1) is provided. A chemically amplified resist composition comprising the onium salt as a PAG has advantages including high solvent solubility, high sensitivity, a high contrast, and improved lithography properties such as EL and LWR when processed by photolithography using high-energy radiation.

##STR00001##

A method for producing a bifunctional compound of formula (3) ##STR00001## wherein R.sub.2 represents H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5, the method comprising reducing a bifunctional compound of formula (1): ##STR00002## wherein R.sub.1 represents COOCH.sub.3, COOC.sub.2H.sub.5, COOC.sub.3H.sub.7, COOC.sub.4H.sub.9, or CHO; and R.sub.2 represents H, CH.sub.3 or C.sub.2H.sub.5, provided that when R.sub.1 represents CHO, R.sub.2 represents C.sub.2H.sub.5, in the presence of a catalyst having hydrogenation activity and hydrogen.

Described herein is a sesquiterpene derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a composition for preventing, ameliorating or treating sarcopenia, including the derivative or salt thereof as an active ingredient, and the like. The sesquiterpene derivative or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof inhibits increases in the production and mRNA expression of a myostatin protein, which directly affects muscle loss and reduced muscle strength, and thus may exhibit a more fundamental effect of preventing or treating sarcopenia.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel substance that has a high reactivity as a fluorinating agent, is effectively used in various fluorination reactions, and is safely handled even in air. As the solution for achieving this object, the present invention provides a complex obtained by reacting bromine trifluoride with at least one metal halide selected from the group consisting of halogenated metals and halogenated hydrogen metals in a nonpolar solvent. This complex serves as a fluorinating agent that provides excellent fluorination performance and that is stable in air.

The invention provides a novel, general, and facile strategy for the creation of small molecules with high structural and stereochemical complexity. Aspects of the methods include ring system distortion reactions that are systematically applied to rapidly convert readily available natural products to structurally complex compounds with diverse molecular architectures. Through evaluation of chemical properties including fraction of sp.sup.3 carbons, ClogP, and the number of stereogenic centers, these compounds are shown to be significantly more complex and diverse than those in standard screening collections. This approach is demonstrated with natural products (gibberellic acid, adrenosterone, and quinine) from three different structural classes, and methods are described for the application of this strategy to any suitable natural product.

A polyester resin according to the present invention comprises a constitutional unit represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1 is a hydrogen atom, CH.sub.3, or C.sub.2H.sub.5; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each independently a hydrogen atom or CH.sub.3.