Disclosed are compositions and methods for preventing or reducing polymer formation and polymer deposition in equipment used in petrochemical processes. An antifoulant composition includes a combination of one or more antioxidants; one or more antipolymerants; one or more dispersants; and one or more solvents. A method of preventing or reducing fouling of process equipment used in an industrial process is also described. The method includes introducing into the process equipment an antifoulant composition, the antifoulant composition comprising a combination of one or more antioxidants; one or more antipolymerants; one or more dispersants; and one or more solvents.

Provided herein are crystalline forms of (R)-5-carbamoylpyridin-3-yl-2-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising crystalline forms of (R)-5-carbamoylpyridin-3-yl-2-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate are also disclosed.

Provided herein are crystalline forms of (R)-5-carbamoylpyridin-3-yl-2-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising crystalline forms of (R)-5-carbamoylpyridin-3-yl-2-methyl-4-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate are also disclosed.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for the direct synthesis of complex N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines by N—O bond formation. In another aspect, the method can successfully be employed using a wide variety of commercially available alcohols and secondary amines and enables the construction of large fragment-based libraries of trisubstituted hydroxylamines for drug discovery purposes. Also disclosed are N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines having low basicity, high stability at ambient temperatures, and an inherent lack of reactivity towards acetylating and sulfonylating enzymes that confer mutagenicity on less-substituted hydroxylamines.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for the direct synthesis of complex N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines by N—O bond formation. In another aspect, the method can successfully be employed using a wide variety of commercially available alcohols and secondary amines and enables the construction of large fragment-based libraries of trisubstituted hydroxylamines for drug discovery purposes. Also disclosed are N,N,O-trisubstituted hydroxylamines having low basicity, high stability at ambient temperatures, and an inherent lack of reactivity towards acetylating and sulfonylating enzymes that confer mutagenicity on less-substituted hydroxylamines.

Disclosed are compounds of Formula 1, N-oxides of the compounds and salts of the compounds and N-oxides: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, J, Y.sup.1, and Y.sup.2 are as defined in the disclosure. Also disclosed are compositions containing the compounds, N-oxides and salts, and methods for controlling undesired vegetation comprising contacting the undesired vegetation or its environment with an effective amount of such a compound, N-oxide, salt or composition.

Disclosed are compounds of Formula 1, N-oxides of the compounds and salts of the compounds and N-oxides: ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, J, Y.sup.1, and Y.sup.2 are as defined in the disclosure. Also disclosed are compositions containing the compounds, N-oxides and salts, and methods for controlling undesired vegetation comprising contacting the undesired vegetation or its environment with an effective amount of such a compound, N-oxide, salt or composition.

An electrolyte additive includes any one or more compounds in a group consisting of compounds in Formula (1) and Formula (2) below, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are respectively independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl and halogen, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are respectively independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl and aromatic hydrocarbon, R7 is independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, a nitrile group, an ester group, an amide group, an amino group, and a maleimide group, optionally, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are respectively combined with R.sub.7 or together with R.sub.7 and atoms to which they are connected to form a 6-14-membered ring structure.

##STR00001##

An electrolyte additive includes any one or more compounds in a group consisting of compounds in Formula (1) and Formula (2) below, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are respectively independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl and halogen, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are respectively independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl and aromatic hydrocarbon, R7 is independently selected from a group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, a nitrile group, an ester group, an amide group, an amino group, and a maleimide group, optionally, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are respectively combined with R.sub.7 or together with R.sub.7 and atoms to which they are connected to form a 6-14-membered ring structure.

##STR00001##

Described herein are compounds that are farnesoid X receptor agonists, methods of making such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments comprising such compounds, and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of conditions, diseases, or disorders associated with farnesoid X receptor activity.