Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula: ##STR00001##
Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each selected from the group consisting of a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 partially fluorinated alkyl group, an aryl group, an aryl group with para CF.sub.3 functionality, an aryl group having C.sub.1-C.sub.20 partially fluorinated alkyl groups or partially fluorinated alkoxy groups, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 partially fluorinated aliphatic group, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 aryl group; and X is an anion. The method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with a formamidine with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and
X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and
X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001## Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001## Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

Backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts and methods of synthesizing the same and NHC carbene-metal complexes therefrom. For backfunctionalized imidazolinium salts of the formula:

##STR00001##

Wherein R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an ester group, an amide group, and an aromatic group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are each an aliphatic group; and X is an anion; the method comprises cyclization of a halogenated acrylate with Hnig's base in a solvent.

The present disclosure relates in part to sterically hindered N-aliphatic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, which are readily synthetically available from inexpensive starting materials. The present disclosure further relates to NHC catalyst complexes comprising transition metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, and Pd. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides methods for using the catalysts described herein in a number of organic transformations, including alkyne hydroboration and hydration, in addition to CO, CC, and CN coupling reactions.