The present disclosure provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with a drug against a disease involving gram-positive bacteria.

##STR00001##

Inhibition of quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly strains of Vibrio, by certain compounds is disclosed. Compositions to treat bacterial infections and methods to treat such infections are also provided.

The present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula:

##STR00001##

which exhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (“ASK1”) inhibitory activity and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The disclosure also provides compounds that are synthetic intermediates.

The present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula:

##STR00001##

which exhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (“ASK1”) inhibitory activity and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The disclosure also provides compounds that are synthetic intermediates.

Disclosed is a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001## wherein all symbols are defined in the description. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of making the compounds, kits comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds, compositions and kits for treatment of disorders associated with TREK-1, TREK-2 or both TREK-1 and TREK-2 dysfunction in a mammal.

A reagent composition for a Karl Fischer titration includes (1) sulfur dioxide or a derivative thereof, (2) a derivative of imidazole, (3) an alcohol, and (4) at least one amino acid that is present in an amount that is greater than zero and up to about 10 weight percent based on a total weight of the reagent composition. Moreover, a molar ratio of the derivative of imidazole to the sulfur dioxide or derivative thereof is greater than 1:1. Iodine is optionally included in a one-component reagent and excluded in a two-component reagent. This disclosure further provides a method for determining an amount of water in a sample via Karl Fischer titration. The method includes the step of providing the sample, providing the reagent composition, which optionally includes the iodine (I.sub.2), and titrating the sample with the reagent composition.

A reagent composition for a Karl Fischer titration includes (1) sulfur dioxide or a derivative thereof, (2) a derivative of imidazole, (3) an alcohol, and (4) at least one amino acid that is present in an amount that is greater than zero and up to about 10 weight percent based on a total weight of the reagent composition. Moreover, a molar ratio of the derivative of imidazole to the sulfur dioxide or derivative thereof is greater than 1:1. Iodine is optionally included in a one-component reagent and excluded in a two-component reagent. This disclosure further provides a method for determining an amount of water in a sample via Karl Fischer titration. The method includes the step of providing the sample, providing the reagent composition, which optionally includes the iodine (I.sub.2), and titrating the sample with the reagent composition.

Compounds and methods of using the same for treating conditions alleviated by SKI complex inhibition, viral replication inhibition, or interferon signaling inducement are provided.

Compounds and methods of using the same for treating conditions alleviated by SKI complex inhibition, viral replication inhibition, or interferon signaling inducement are provided.

Disclosed in the invention are a type of compounds having activity of activating 5-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a method for the preparation thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, and use of these compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing fatty acid synthesis, for inhibiting triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis, for preventing and/or treating obesity and type II diabetes, for preventing and/or treating tumor, for preventing and/or treating Parkinson's disease, for preventing and/or treating Alzheimer's disease or for prolonging the lifespan of mammals:

##STR00001##