A reagent composition for a Karl Fischer titration includes (1) sulfur dioxide or a derivative thereof, (2) a derivative of imidazole, (3) an alcohol, and (4) at least one amino acid that is present in an amount that is greater than zero and up to about 10 weight percent based on a total weight of the reagent composition. Moreover, a molar ratio of the derivative of imidazole to the sulfur dioxide or derivative thereof is greater than 1:1. Iodine is optionally included in a one-component reagent and excluded in a two-component reagent. This disclosure further provides a method for determining an amount of water in a sample via Karl Fischer titration. The method includes the step of providing the sample, providing the reagent composition, which optionally includes the iodine (I.sub.2), and titrating the sample with the reagent composition.

The present invention provides a preparation method for zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. The preparation method comprises: adding a metal carbonate or oxide, an organic ligand to a hydrophilic liquid to obtain a mixture; introducing an acidic gas to reach a reaction pressure of 0.1 MPa to 2.0 MPa, and reacting for a predetermined time; heating to 30 C.-60 C. and vacuuming to obtain the zeolitic imidazolate framework. The present invention also provides a zeolitic imidazolate framework obtained by the above preparation method. The preparation method according to the present invention is environmentally friendly and has a high yield.

The present invention provides a preparation method for zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. The preparation method comprises: adding a metal carbonate or oxide, an organic ligand to a hydrophilic liquid to obtain a mixture; introducing an acidic gas to reach a reaction pressure of 0.1 MPa to 2.0 MPa, and reacting for a predetermined time; heating to 30 C.-60 C. and vacuuming to obtain the zeolitic imidazolate framework. The present invention also provides a zeolitic imidazolate framework obtained by the above preparation method. The preparation method according to the present invention is environmentally friendly and has a high yield.

The present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula:

##STR00001##

which exhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK1) inhibitory activity and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The disclosure also provides compounds that are synthetic intermediates.

The present disclosure provides processes for the preparation of a compound of formula:

##STR00001##

which exhibits apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK1) inhibitory activity and is thus useful in the treatment of diseases such as kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. The disclosure also provides compounds that are synthetic intermediates.

A method for synthesizing halogenated organic compounds, such as halogenated alkenyl group-containing and halogenated alkyl group-containing compounds having a heteroatom (e.g., O,N.S) coupled to a carbon atom of a halogenated alkenyl or halogenated alkyl group, involves reacting a halogenated olefin such as a chloro-substituted trifluoropropenyl compound with an active hydrogen-containing organic compound such as an alcohol (e.g., an aliphatic monoalcohol, aliphatic polyalcohol, or a phenolic compound), a primary amine, a secondary amine or a thiol.

Novel crystalline forms of Eluxadoline, having the formula (I), are described. Also described are the processes for the preparation of said crystalline forms. ##STR00001##

Novel crystalline forms of Eluxadoline, having the formula (I), are described. Also described are the processes for the preparation of said crystalline forms. ##STR00001##

Compounds of the following formula, and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates and prodrugs thereof, formula (A) are useful to preferentially inhibit the ATP-hydrolysing mode of ATP synthase, and are thereby useful for treating various diseases and orders including cancer, particularly cancers that utilise the Warburg effect.

##STR00001##

An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition contains a compound that generates an acid upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation and a resin whose polarity increases by the action of an acid, in which the compound is represented by a specific General Formula (X).